http://hdl.handle.net/2440/10824 2013-06-19T04:34:03Z 2013-06-19T04:34:03Z Adler, Christina Jane Dobney, Keith Weyrich, Laura S. Kaidonis, John Aristidis Walker, Alan W. Haak, Wolfgang Bradshaw, Corey J. A. Townsend, Grant Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz Alt, Kurt Werner Parkhill, Julian Cooper, Alan http://hdl.handle.net/2440/78416 2013-06-18T05:30:11Z 2012-12-31T13:30:00Z

Title: Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions Author: Adler, Christina Jane; Dobney, Keith; Weyrich, Laura S.; Kaidonis, John Aristidis; Walker, Alan W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Townsend, Grant; Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz; Alt, Kurt Werner; Parkhill, Julian; Cooper, Alan Abstract: The importance of commensal microbes for human health is increasingly recognized yet the impacts of evolutionary changes in human diet and culture on commensal microbiota remain almost unknown. Two of the greatest dietary shifts in human evolution involved the adoption of carbohydrate-rich Neolithic (farming) diets (beginning ~10,000 years before the present) and the more recent advent of industrially processed flour and sugar (in ~1850). Here, we show that calcified dental plaque (dental calculus) on ancient teeth preserves a detailed genetic record throughout this period. Data from 34 early European skeletons indicate that the transition from hunter-gatherer to farming shifted the oral microbial community to a disease-associated configuration. The composition of oral microbiota remained unexpectedly constant between Neolithic and medieval times, after which (the now ubiquitous) cariogenic bacteria became dominant, apparently during the Industrial Revolution. Modern oral microbiotic ecosystems are markedly less diverse than historic populations, which might be contributing to chronic oral (and other) disease in postindustrial lifestyles.

2012-12-31T13:30:00Z Moore, Katherine E. Flavel, Benjamin S. Yu, Jingxian Abell, Andrew David Shapter, Joseph George http://hdl.handle.net/2440/78414 2013-06-18T04:30:29Z 2012-12-31T13:30:00Z

Title: Increased redox-active peptide loading on carbon nanotube electrodes Author: Moore, Katherine E.; Flavel, Benjamin S.; Yu, Jingxian; Abell, Andrew David; Shapter, Joseph George

2012-12-31T13:30:00Z Yu, Jingxian Matthews, Sinéad M. Yunus, Kamran Shapter, Joseph G. Fisher, Adrian C. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/78413 2013-06-18T04:30:25Z 2012-12-31T13:30:00Z

Title: Integration of enzyme immobilised single-walled carbon nanotube arrays into microchannels for glucose detection Author: Yu, Jingxian; Matthews, Sinéad M.; Yunus, Kamran; Shapter, Joseph G.; Fisher, Adrian C. Abstract: Microfluidic devices for glucose detection have been constructed and developed by integration of covalently immobilised single-walled carbon nanotube arrays functionalised with glucose oxidase into a poly (dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic channel. With biocompatible ferrocenecarboxylic acid as electron transfer mediator, these microfluidic devices were tested systematically for electrochemical glucose detection by changing some geometrical parameters such as the width of detecting electrode as well as electrode gap between the enzyme electrode and the detecting electrode. Numerical simulations were also carried out using a finite difference model and used to further understand the concentration profiles in michochannels. The experimental results showed that glucose can be detected with a linear response up to a concentration of 5 mmol L⁻¹. Compared to reported glucose detection techniques, our microfluidic devices have some advantages such as simple design, repeated use and low cost.

2012-12-31T13:30:00Z Der Sarkissian, Clio Simone Irmgard Balanovsky, Oleg:... Haak, Wolfgang ... et al. Genographic Consortium http://hdl.handle.net/2440/78404 2013-06-18T02:30:06Z 2012-12-31T13:30:00Z

Title: Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-flow from Siberia in the complex human population history of north east Europe Author: Der Sarkissian, Clio Simone Irmgard; Balanovsky, Oleg:...; Haak, Wolfgang; ... et al.; Genographic Consortium Abstract: North East Europe harbors a high diversity of cultures and languages, suggesting a complex genetic history. Archaeological, anthropological, and genetic research has revealed a series of influences from Western and Eastern Eurasia in the past. While genetic data from modern-day populations is commonly used to make inferences about their origins and past migrations, ancient DNA provides a powerful test of such hypotheses by giving a snapshot of the past genetic diversity. In order to better understand the dynamics that have shaped the gene pool of North East Europeans, we generated and analyzed 34 mitochondrial genotypes from the skeletal remains of three archaeological sites in northwest Russia. These sites were dated to the Mesolithic and the Early Metal Age (7,500 and 3,500 uncalibrated years Before Present). We applied a suite of population genetic analyses (principal component analysis, genetic distance mapping, haplotype sharing analyses) and compared past demographic models through coalescent simulations using Bayesian Serial SimCoal and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Comparisons of genetic data from ancient and modern-day populations revealed significant changes in the mitochondrial makeup of North East Europeans through time. Mesolithic foragers showed high frequencies and diversity of haplogroups U (U2e, U4, U5a), a pattern observed previously in European hunter-gatherers from Iberia to Scandinavia. In contrast, the presence of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C, D, and Z in Early Metal Age individuals suggested discontinuity with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and genetic influx from central/eastern Siberia. We identified remarkable genetic dissimilarities between prehistoric and modern-day North East Europeans/Saami, which suggests an important role of post-Mesolithic migrations from Western Europe and subsequent population replacement/extinctions. This work demonstrates how ancient DNA can improve our understanding of human population movements across Eurasia. It contributes to the description of the spatio-temporal distribution of mitochondrial diversity and will be of significance for future reconstructions of the history of Europeans.

2012-12-31T13:30:00Z