http://hdl.handle.net/2440/14759 Search the Channel search http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56747 Title: On using airborne optical vertical polarisation to remove sea surface reflectance for enhanced visualisation of seagrass and other benthos.<br/><br/>Author: Hart, David<br/><br/>Abstract: Mapping of marine benthic flora using remote sensing techniques has, over the pastdecade, been used to locate environmentally stressed areas in the South Australianmarine environment. These studies used panchromatic/colour aerial photographyand/or medium resolution multispectral satellite imagery to create a time seriesshowing location and rate of seagrass loss. While successful within their projectparameters, these studies were limited by conditions at time of image capture, suchas sun-glare, wave action and low contrast in deeper waters due to absorption andscattering. This research thesis reports the successful use of polarisation on thecapture of visible and near infra-red optical imagery as a method to minimise theselimiting factors.Two experimental test flights were undertaken using commercial off-the-shelf digitalcameras mounted in the camera port of a light aircraft. The first flight comparedvertical polarisation using co-mounted visible and infra-red cameras. The secondflight compared vertical and horizontal polarisation using co-mounted identical visiblespectrum cameras.The main finding of this series of airborne polarisation experiments is that seasurface reflection is removed by using vertically polarised filters at, and around, theBrewster angle of 53 degrees off nadir, especially when viewing sunwards. The effectis the same in the visible and infra-red parts of the spectrum. This reflection includessky reflectance, lambertian sun glare, reflection due to wave action, and turbulence,but not direct solar specular reflection. Vertical polarisation filters improve theimaging of benthic flora compared to horizontally polarised imagery and, byextension, non-polarised imagery.The successful use of polarisation to remove surface reflectance over water is limitedto imagery captured at or near the Brewster angle. By using successive overlappingframes this can be achieved, as shown by the experiments. Ideally all of the imageshould be at the Brewster angle. A conceptual design for a conical optical scannerwhich builds wide-swath imagery where each pixel in each band is solely a record ofthe vertically polarised signal at the Brewster Angle is presented as a result of theseexperiments. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56716 Title: Consequences of extended maceration for red wine colour and phenolics.<br/><br/>Author: Joscelyne, Venetia Louise<br/><br/>Abstract: The consequences of pre-fermentation and post-fermentation extended maceration (EM)on colour, mouthfeel and phenolic composition were investigated in Pinot noir (2004),Grenache (2006) and Shiraz (2007) (Vitis vinifera L.) wines. Experimental wines weremade using cold soak, post-fermentation EM, and standard fermentation treatments (C).Cold soak treatments included a 3-day cold soak at 10°C (CS), with an additionalcomparison of plunging effects for the 2004 wines (CSP). Post-fermentation extendedmaceration treatments were 1- or 3-weeks on skins in 2004 (PS1 and PS3 respectively),and 3-weeks in 2006 and 2007 (PS3). A variety of chemical and sensory test methods wereused to determine changes in phenolic components and organoleptic properties betweentreatments of all 3 varietals as they aged in the bottle.Among other results, it was determined if wines made with a period of cold soak hadincreased colour intensity, and increased concentrations of monomeric anthocyanins andpigmented polymers compared to control wines. It was also determined if wines made witha period of post-fermentation EM had increased concentrations of the flavan-3-ols(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, and tannin, decreased colour intensity and modifiedmouthfeel compared to the other wine treatments.A greater understanding of Australian red winemakers’ opinions on EM regimes and theiruse in Australian wineries was obtained by survey. Survey results confirmed that EM isused extensively in Australian wineries but that winemakers have poor understanding ofthe consequences of EM regimes for red wine properties. The survey confirmed thatwinemakers are concerned about the economic cost and logistic pressures associated withthe use of EM regimes during vintage. Wines made using EM need to spend longer infermentation vessels, which are in high demand during this time. Findings from this studyprovide winemakers with more information to consider before making decisions abouttheir use of EM regimes.Survey findings showed more winemakers would use EM regimes if logistic and economicpressures did not apply. However, results suggest that even if winemakers did adopt EMpractices, some may not achieve what they believe to be the outcome of these regimes,such as improved colour or mouthfeel properties. For instance, results showed that coldsoaking did not make a difference to wine colour compared to conventional fermentationmaceration. Even without cold soaking red must, winemakers may be able to achieve the same or very similar wine organoleptic characteristics at a reduced cost. Similarly, nosignificant effects of plunging during cold soak were observed.Post-fermentation EM visibly reduced wine colour intensity and imparted a browner hue tothe wine compared to red wine that was pressed off skins upon reaching dryness. This EMregime is therefore unlikely to benefit winemakers who are seeking to produce highlycoloured wines. However, prolonged maceration post-fermentation did increase theintensity of perceived bitterness and increased the concentration of wine flavan-3-ols andtannins. Winemakers may therefore influence the desired balance between the extraction ofthese wine phenolics (and the associated outcome for taste and mouthfeel properties) andeconomic considerations by varying the duration of maceration post-fermentation. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56715 Title: A novel proinflammatory role for annexin A1 in neutrophil transendothelial migration.<br/><br/>Author: Williams, Samantha Louise<br/><br/>Abstract: Neutrophil extravasation into tissues is an essential process required for the inflammatory response. Upon receiving an inflammatory cue, neutrophils begin accumulating on the luminal surface of the endothelium. Neutrophil recruitment is initiated by selectin-mediated tethering and rolling of neutrophils along the endothelial monolayer, followed by integrin-mediated firm adhesion. Adherent neutrophils then traverse the endothelium in a process known as transendothelial migration. The events mediating the rolling and adhesion steps are well characterised, but research into the molecular mechanisms regulating transendothelial migration is an area of intense focus. A previous study conducted in our laboratory found that the activation of endothelial extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was required for neutrophil transmigration. Furthermore, it was found that endothelial ERK was activated in response to a soluble protein produced by fMLP- or IL-8-stimulated neutrophils. In the present study, the soluble ERK-activating neutrophil protein was identified as annexin A1, which was selected as a possible candidate following mass spectrometry analysis of proteins secreted from activated neutrophils. Annexin A1 antibodies (Abs) were found to block endothelial ERK activation induced by conditioned medium harvested from stimulated neutrophils. Annexin A1 Abs were additionally able to inhibit neutrophil transmigration across human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers in an in vitro transmigration assay. Following the purification of recombinant annexin A1, it was demonstrated that it could activate endothelial ERK in a similar manner to neutrophil conditioned medium. Upon further investigation, ERK activation was found to be induced by a truncated form of annexin A1 present in the protein preparation rather than the full length protein. Calpain I, a calcium dependent protease that is activated upon neutrophil stimulation and is known to cleave annexin A1 within the N-terminal domain, was shown to process full length inactive recombinant annexin A1 into an unidentified product that could activate endothelial ERK. A calpain I inhibitor was also found to prevent stimulated neutrophils from secreting an ERK-activating protein, thus further suggesting a role for calpain I in this process. As full length annexin A1 has been reported to signal through the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family, a pan-FPR antagonist was incubated with endothelial cells and was found to inhibit ERK activation induced by neutrophil conditioned medium, indicating that pro-inflammatory annexin A1 is also a FPR ligand.Endothelial projections termed “transmigratory cups” form around neutrophils during extravasation, of which ICAM-1 is a major component. Using an assay that examined transmigratory cups during neutrophil transmigration, it was found that annexin A1 Abs could inhibit neutrophil adhesion and transmigration through HUVEC monolayers by interfering with transmigratory cup formation around neutrophils, as shown by monitoring ICAM-1 during the process. Quantification of transmigrating neutrophils highlighted that the majority of neutrophils were emigrating via a transcellular pathway, which is in opposition to many in vitro studies where paracellular transmigration predominates. The results generated from this study identified a novel pro-inflammatory role for annexin A1 in neutrophil transendothelial migration. Preliminary experiments suggested that the pro-inflammatory annexin A1 responsible for endothelial ERK activation was a truncated form. Calpain I appears to be a likely candidate responsible for the generation of this uncharacterised, truncated annexin A1 product, however further experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis. Pro-inflammatory annexin A1 represents a new target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56714 Title: The world is changing: ethics and genre development in three twentieth-century high fantasies.<br/><br/>Author: Le Lievre, Kerrie Anne<br/><br/>Abstract: This thesis examines three genre high fantasy texts published between 1954 and 2001: J. R. R. Tolkien’s 'The Lord of the Rings', Ursula K. Le Guin’s 'Earthsea' cycle and Patricia A. McKillip’s 'The Riddle-Master’s Game'. The emphasis is on examining how the three texts use a common set of structures to articulate a developing argument about forms of human engagement with the physical world in the face of environmental crisis.Using theories of literary ecology and narrative paradigm, I examine the common structure shared by the three high fantasies and the weight of ethical implications it carries. The texts position the transcendent impulse of the mode of tragedy, and the behaviour it generates, as the source of crisis, and posit as a solution to the problem the integrative ethic characteristic of the comedic mode. They argue that a transition between these two ethics is necessary for the continued survival of the Secondary World. This thesis examines each text’s use of narrative paradigm to articulate methods by which this ethical transition may be achieved.An argumentative trend is documented across the three fantasies through the representation of situation, problem and solution. In each text, as the Secondary World becomes more completely a closed physical system, the source of the solution to the problem caused by the transcendent presence and the achievement of ethical transition are both relocated within the control of human actors. The three fantasies express a gradual movement toward the acceptance of not only human responsibility for, but the necessity for action to remedy, the damaged state of the world.I argue that the texts’ dominant concern is with the human relationship with and to context. Indeed, I argue that the three fantasies reflect the developing understanding of the human role in not only precipitating, but responding to, environmental crisis, and may function as both a reflection of and an intervention in that crisis. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT