Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/2440/130691
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Type: Journal article
Title: Effects of very low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate weight loss diets on psychological health in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized controlled trial
Author: Kakoschke, N.
Zajac, I.T.
Tay, J.
Luscombe-Marsh, N.D.
Thompson, C.H.
Noakes, M.
Buckley, J.D.
Wittert, G.
Brinkworth, G.D.
Citation: European Journal of Nutrition, 2021; 60(8):4251-4262
Publisher: Springer
Issue Date: 2021
ISSN: 1436-6207
1436-6215
Statement of
Responsibility: 
Naomi Kakoschke, Ian T. Zajac, Jeannie Tay, Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh, Campbell H. Thompson, Manny Noakes, Jonathan D. Buckley, Gary Wittert, Grant D. Brinkworth
Abstract: Aims: Very low-carbohydrate (LC) diets are popular for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management; however, long-term effects on psychological health remain largely unknown. This study reports the effects of a LC diet on mood and cognitive function after 2 years and explores the potential predictors of changes in psychological health. Methods: 115 adults (57% males; age: 58.5 ± 7.1 years) with obesity and T2DM were randomized to consume an energy reduced (~ 500 to 1000 kcal/day deficit), LC diet [14% energy as carbohydrate, 28% protein, 58% fat (< 10% saturated fat)] or an isocaloric high unrefined carbohydrate, low-fat diet [HC: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (< 10% saturated fat)] for 2 years. Both diets were combined with aerobic/resistance exercise (1 h, 3 days/week). Mood/well-being [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), Profile of Mood States (POMS)], diabetes-related quality of life [Diabetes-39 (D-39)] and distress [Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Questionnaire], and cognitive function were assessed during and post-intervention. Results: 61 (LC: 33, HC: 28) participants completed the study. Weight loss was 9.1% after 12 months and 6.7% after 2 years with no difference between diet groups. There were no differences between the groups for the changes in any psychological health outcome (smallest p ≥ 0.19 for all time x diet interactions). Overtime, improvements in BDI, POMS [Total Mood Disturbance (TMD); four subscales], PAID, and D-39 (three subscales) scores occurred (p ≤ 0.05, time). Stepwise regression analysis showed improvements in BDI, POMS (TMD; two subscales), D-39, SAI, and PAID scores were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with reductions in body weight and glycated hemoglobin. Conclusion: In adults with obesity and T2DM, energy-restricted LC and HC diets produced comparable long-term improvements on a comprehensive range of psychological health outcomes. The findings suggest both diets can be used as a diabetes management strategy as part of a holistic lifestyle modification program without concern of negative effects on mental well-being or cognition.
Keywords: Diabetes; diet; macronutrient composition; weight loss; psychological well-being
Description: Published online: 20 May 2021
Rights: © Crown 2021
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02587-z
Grant ID: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/103415
Published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02587-z
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