An intrinsically non-flammable electrolyte for high-performance potassium batteries

Abstract

Potassium-ion batteries are promising for low-cost and large-scale energy storage applications, but the major obstacle to their application is the lack of safe and effective electrolytes. A phosphate-based fire retardant such as triethyl phosphate is now shown to work as a single solvent with potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide at 0.9 m, in contrast to previous Li and Na systems where phosphates cannot work at low concentrations. This electrolyte is optimized at 2 m, where it exhibits the advantages of low cost, low viscosity, and high conductivity, as well as the formation of a uniform and robust salt-derived solid-electrolyte interphase layer, leading to non-dendritic K-metal plating/stripping with Coulombic efficiency of 99.6 % and a highly reversible graphite anode.