Complexity in the relationship between matrix composition and inter-patch distance in fragmented habitats

Abstract

The connectivity of fragmented landscapes is a function of the physical distance between suitable habitats and the characteristics of the habitat through which the animal is moving, i.e. the matrix. Experimental manipulations done to explain how spatial arrangement and composition of habitats affects biota remain scarce, particularly in marine systems. Holdfasts of the common kelp, Ecklonia radiata, are discrete units of habitat for small invertebrates (e.g. amphipods, isopods, molluscs, annelids) that can be isolated from other holdfasts by habitat, which may be less suitable (e.g. other species of algae or relatively bare space). We compared assemblages, which colonised defaunated holdfasts in experimentally created small-scale landscapes where patches of habitat (holdfasts) were distant versus close together and which had Sargassum spp. versus relatively bare space in the matrix. We also compared colonisation across matrices of crushed fucoid algae to assess whether the structural or chemical nature of algae in the matrix had the most influence on the colonisation. Assemblages in defaunted holdfasts differed between those that were close to and those that were distant from undisturbed holdfasts, where the matrix was devoid of vegetation. Where Sargassum spp. was present in the matrix, however, this difference disappeared and was possibly due to the chemical, rather than structural, characteristics of the fucoid matrix. The extent to which matrix habitat is a barrier to movement of invertebrates among holdfasts thus depends on not only how extensive it is but what type of habitat it contains. As within terrestrial systems, the nature of the matrix is also likely to be a fundamental component of the connectivity within marine systems. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.