Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://hdl.handle.net/2440/78668
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Type: | Journal article |
Title: | Low formalin concentrations induce fine-tuned responses that are sex and age-dependent: A developmental study |
Author: | Zoukir, I. Tadros, M. Clifton, V. Beagley, K. Hodgson, D. |
Citation: | PLoS One, 2013; 8(1):1-10 |
Publisher: | Public Library of Science |
Issue Date: | 2013 |
ISSN: | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
Editor: | Pant, A.B. |
Statement of Responsibility: | Ihssane Zouikr, Melissa A. Tadros, Vicki L. Clifton, Kenneth W. Beagley, Deborah M. Hodgson |
Abstract: | The formalin test is increasingly applied as a model of inflammatory pain using high formalin concentrations (5–15%). However, little is known about the effects of low formalin concentrations on related behavioural responses. To examine this, rat pups were subjected to various concentrations of formalin at four developmental stages: 7, 13, 22, and 82 days of age. At postnatal day (PND) 7, sex differences in flinching but not licking responses were observed with 0.5% formalin evoking higher flinching in males than in females. A dose response was evident in that 0.5% formalin also produced higher licking responses compared to 0.3% or 0.4% formalin. At PND 13, a concentration of 0.8% formalin evoked a biphasic response. At PND 22, a concentration of 1.1% evoked higher flinching and licking responses during the late phase (10–30 min) in both males and females. During the early phase (0–5 min), 1.1% evoked higher licking responses compared to 0.9% or 1% formalin. 1.1% formalin produced a biphasic response that was not evident with 0.9 or 1%. At PND 82, rats displayed a biphasic pattern in response to three formalin concentrations (1.25%, 1.75% and 2.25%) with the presence of an interphase for both 1.75% and 2.25% but not for 1.25%. These data suggest that low formalin concentrations induce fine-tuned responses that are not apparent with the high formalin concentration commonly used in the formalin test. These data also show that the developing nociceptive system is very sensitive to subtle changes in formalin concentrations. |
Keywords: | Animals Animals, Newborn Rats Rats, Wistar Pain Formaldehyde Pain Measurement Injections, Subcutaneous Behavior, Animal Age Factors Sex Factors Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Time Factors Female Male Nociception |
Rights: | © 2013 Zouikr et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pone.0053384 |
Published version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053384 |
Appears in Collections: | Aurora harvest 4 Obstetrics and Gynaecology publications |
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hdl_78668.pdf | Published version | 618.12 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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