CO₂ utilization in energy storage and conversion
Date
2025
Authors
Zou, J.
Gupta, D.
Liang, G.
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Journal article
Citation
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2025; 13(38):32004-32029
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Jinshuo Zou, Divyani Gupta, Gemeng Liang
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Abstract
The world is facing the pressing dual challenge of an escalating energy crisis and the excessive accumulation of greenhouse gases. Current researchers are now reimagining carbon dioxide (CO₂) not simply as a waste to be captured, but as a valuable energy carrier to be utilized in next-generation energy systems. However, a comprehensive understanding of how CO₂ participates in energy conversion and storage remains limited. This review addresses this critical knowledge gap by systematically examining four innovative types of CO₂-based energy technologies. These include metal-CO₂ batteries and CO₂ capture-integrated storage systems that leverage the electrochemical activity of CO₂ for efficient and sustainable energy storage, as well as molten carbonate fuel cells and CO₂-based electricity generators that generate electricity energy in innovative approaches. These emerging systems leverage the physicochemical properties of CO₂ to create transformative energy solutions. This review highlights the pivotal role of CO₂, examines critical challenges, and proposes forward-looking strategies for future energy development.
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© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2025.