Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Care, Pharmacotherapy, and Patient Outcomes in Two Regional Aboriginal Primary Care Health Centres: Lessons to be Learnt

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dc.contributor.authorHayes, A.G.
dc.contributor.authorPearson, O.
dc.contributor.authorMarathe, C.S.
dc.contributor.authorJesudason, D.
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractBackground: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects Aboriginal Australian populations six times more frequently than non-Indigenous Australians, with disparity increasing by remoteness. Contemporary guidelines recommend optimising cardiometabolic care, including achieving a target glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ,7%, blood pressure ,130/80 mmHg, and use of pharmacotherapy, including the maximal tolerated statin dose and consideration of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in selected subpopulations. Aim: This study aimed to determine whether cardiometabolic treatment targets and pharmacological management met best practice guidelines in two rural Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations. Method: A retrospective audit of electronic medical records was conducted in two rural Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations between January 2020 and January 2021. Data were collected for people aged over 18 years who regularly attended the clinic, identified as Aboriginal, and had a documented diagnosis of T2DM. Results A total of 274 patients met the inclusion criteria, 64% of whom were female. The median age of T2DM diagnosis was 44 years (interquartile range 32–50), with a median diabetes duration of 9 years (3–17), HbA1c 8.0% (6.9–9.4), body mass index 31.6 kg/m² (27–36.3), urine albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR) 3.8 mg/mol (1.1–20.0), and mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol 2.1 mmol/L (±0.8). Capture rates were 70% for HbA1c, 51% for urine ACR, and 51% for lipid studies. Among recorded results, 51/193 (26%) of HbA1c were <7%, 80/228 (35%) of blood pressure readings were below 130/80 mmHg. Nephropathy was present in 42% of patients, and obesity in 61%. Clinically significant albuminuria was observed in 69/140 (50%) of patients with available ACR data. Statins were prescribed in 50%, sodium– glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in 20%, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in 7% of the population. Conclusions: This study has characterised a population with an early age of T2DM diagnosis, high rates of nephropathy and obesity, and suboptimal glycaemic control. Prescription rates of modern therapies were low. These findings highlight areas for targeted improvement in the quality of cardiometabolic care, including the increased use of modern diabetes agents.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityAnnabelle G. Hayes, Odette Pearson, Chinmay S. Marathe, David Jesudason
dc.identifier.citationHeart Lung and Circulation, 2025; 34(10):1069-1077
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.hlc.2025.06.1019
dc.identifier.issn1443-9506
dc.identifier.issn1444-2892
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2440/148057
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/GNT2026852
dc.rights© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2025.06.1019
dc.subjectAboriginal; Rural; Diabetes; Cardiometabolic; Pharmacotherapy
dc.subject.meshHumans
dc.subject.meshDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2
dc.subject.meshHypoglycemic Agents
dc.subject.meshRetrospective Studies
dc.subject.meshFollow-Up Studies
dc.subject.meshAdult
dc.subject.meshMiddle Aged
dc.subject.meshPrimary Health Care
dc.subject.meshAustralia
dc.subject.meshFemale
dc.subject.meshMale
dc.subject.meshGlycated Hemoglobin
dc.titleDiabetes and Cardiometabolic Care, Pharmacotherapy, and Patient Outcomes in Two Regional Aboriginal Primary Care Health Centres: Lessons to be Learnt
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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