Aluminium Nanoparticles as Efficient Adjuvants Compared to Their Microparticle Counterparts: Current Progress and Perspectives
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Date
2022
Authors
Nazarizadeh, A.
Staudacher, A.H.
Wittwer, N.L.
Turnbull, T.
Brown, M.P.
Kempson, I.
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022; 23(9):4707-1-4707-15
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Ali Nazarizadeh, Alexander H. Staudacher, Nicole L. Wittwer, Tyron Turnbull, Michael P. Brown, and Ivan Kempson
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Abstract
Aluminium (Al) compounds are used as adjuvants in human and veterinary prophylactic vaccines due to their improved tolerability compared to other adjuvants. These Al-based adjuvants form microparticles (MPs) of heterogeneous sizes ranging from ~0.5 to 10 m and generally induce type 2 (Th2)-biased immune responses. However, recent literature indicates that moving from micron dimension particles toward the nanoscale can modify the adjuvanticity of Al towards type 1 (Th1) responses, which can potentially be exploited for the development of vaccines for which Th1 immunity is crucial. Specifically, in the context of cancer treatments, Al nanoparticles (Al-NPs) can induce a more balanced (Th1/Th2), robust, and durable immune response associated with an increased number of cytotoxic T cells compared to Al-MPs, which are more favourable for stimulating an oncolytic response. In this review, we compare the adjuvant properties of Al-NPs to those of Al- MPs in the context of infectious disease vaccines and cancer immunotherapy and provide perspectives for future research.
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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).