Spatial distribution and determinants of health care access barriers among female Pakistan youths: spatial and multilevel regression analysis
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Date
2025
Authors
Belay, D.G.
Tessema, G.A.
Meherali, S.
Lassi, Z.S.
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BMC Health Services Research, 2025; 25(1):1181-1-1181-14
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Daniel Gashaneh Belay, Gizachew A. Tessema, Salima Meherali, Zohra S. Lassi
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Introduction Ensuring universal access to high-quality healthcare services including services free from financial barriers, is a global priority. However, accessing healthcare services remains challenging for youth in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs), including Pakistan. This study investigates the spatial distribution and determinants of healthcare access barriers among female youths in Pakistan. Methods We used the 2017/18 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) dataset, including 2,924 female youth aged 15–24, to examine healthcare access barriers. These barriers were considered as an outcome variable and were regarded where a respondent reported encountering any of the following impediments to accessing healthcare services during illness: (i) difficulty obtaining permission to visit a health facility; (ii) financial constraints in meeting healthcare expenses or treatment costs; (iii) significant travel distance to access a health facility; and (iv) reluctance to visit health facilities alone. To analyse multi-level determinants and geographical disparities in healthcare access barriers among youths, we employed multilevel logistic regression and spatial analysis techniques, respectively. The analysis accounted for sample weights to ensure the robustness and representativeness of the findings. Results Almost four-fifths (79.4%) of female youth in Pakistan (95% CI: 77.9 to 80.9) have reported having perceived barriers to accessing healthcare services. Barriers to accessing healthcare among female youth were associated with not having employment (AOR=1.96; 95% CI; 1.39, 2.76), living in a household where the head was a male (AOR=1.97; 95% CI; 1.40, 2.77), having low and middle household wealth status (low: AOR=3.22; 95% CI; 2.18, 4.75; middle: AOR=1.89; 95% CI; 1.36, 2.63), being unempowered (AOR=2.08; 95% CI; 1.55, 2.80), and residing in areas with low community female youth literacy rates (AOR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.15) and living in federally administered tribal areas (FATA), Balochistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) regions. Conclusion A substantial proportion of female youth in Pakistan have major perceived barriers to accessing healthcare services. Several individual- and community-level factors were associated with perceived barriers to accessing healthcare services among female youth. Significant geographic variation was observed in the perceived barriers to healthcare services among Pakistan’s female youth. Policymakers had better take measures to improve access to healthcare services through the formulation of youth-responsive policies and strategies.
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© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creati vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.