pH modulation for self-assembly-monolayer-type hole transport layer for efficient and stable perovskite-silicon double-junction solar cells
Date
2026
Authors
Tao, R.
Wang, G.
Li, Z.
Sun, N.
Bing, J.
Leung, T.L.
Angus, F.J.
Tang, J.
Liao, C.
Yi, J.
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Journal article
Citation
Joule, 2026; 10(4):102314-1-102314-17
Statement of Responsibility
Runmin Tao, Guoliang Wang, Zhihao Li, Nan Sun, Jueming Bing, Tik Lun Leung, Fraser J. Angus, Jianbo Tang, Chwenhaw Liao, Jianpeng Yi, Christopher Bailey, Li Liu, Yu Wang, Gaosheng Huang, Andreas Lambertz, Songyan Yin, Bin Gong, Alex-Anthony Cavallaro, Drew Evans, Matthew Griffith, Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, Jianghui Zheng, Pablo Docampo, David R. McKenzie, Md Arafat Mahmud, Kaining Ding, Anita W.Y. Ho-Baillie
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Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) hole transport layers are commonly used in state-of-the-art perovskite single- and multi-junction solar cells. Their precursor molecules are prone to aggregation. We report SAM-solution-pH-modulation that effectively suppresses aggregation, improving deposited film quality. We designed and synthesized a novel material, 6-aminohexylphosphonic acid hydrochloride (6AHPACl), to be added to the (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) solution as part of a co-SAM strategy. Apart from the advantage of pH modulation, the inclusion of 6AHPACl improved SAM anchoring, SAM/perovskite interface energetics, and wettability of the overlaying perovskite layer and therefore its quality. This co-SAM strategy enabled demonstrations of a wide-band gap (1.67 eV) perovskite cell producing a champion efficiency of 22.8% and a 1 cm2 monolithic perovskite-silicon double junction cell producing a certified efficiency of 29.1%. An encapsulated device retained 95% of its efficiency after 1,010 thermal cycles (−40°C to 85°C). Another encapsulated double junction device surpassed the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215 humidity freeze test.
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© 2026 Elsevier