Hendrikse, J.Coxon, J.P.Thompson, S.Suo, C.Fornito, A.Yücel, M.Rogasch, N.C.2021-11-162021-11-162020Cortex, 2020; 132:423-4400010-94521973-8102https://hdl.handle.net/2440/133182Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique with the capacity to modulate brain network connectivity and cognitive function. Recent studies have demonstrated long-lasting improvements in associative memory and resting-state connectivity following multi-day repetitive TMS (rTMS) to individualised parietal-hippocampal networks. We aimed to assess the reproducibility and network- and cognitive-specificity of these effects following multi-day rTMS. Participants received four days of 20 Hz rTMS to a subject-specific region of left lateral parietal cortex exhibiting peak functional connectivity to the left hippocampus. In a separate week, the same stimulation protocol was applied to a subject-specific region of pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) exhibiting peak functional connectivity to the left putamen. We assessed changes to associative memory before and after each week of stimulation (N = 39), and changes to resting-state functional connectivity before and after stimulation in week one (N = 36). We found no evidence of long-lasting enhancement of associative memory or increased parieto-hippocampal connectivity following multi-day rTMS to the parietal cortex, nor increased pre-SMA-putamen connectivity following multi-day rTMS to pre-SMA. Instead, we observed some evidence of site-specific modulations of functional connectivity lasting ~24 h, with reduced connectivity within targeted networks and increased connectivity across distinct non-targeted networks. Our findings suggest a complex interplay between multi-day rTMS and network connectivity. Further work is required to develop reliable rTMS paradigms for driving changes in functional connectivity between cortical and subcortical regions.en© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.rTMS; hippocampus; functional connectivity; memory; neuroplasticityParietal LobeHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingReproducibility of ResultsCognitionTranscranial Magnetic StimulationJournal article10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.0282021-11-16550951Rogasch, N.C. [0000-0002-4484-1069]