Lett, B.Sivanathan, K.Coates, P.2017-05-042017-05-042014World Journal of Clinical Urology, 2014; 3(2):87-952219-2816http://hdl.handle.net/2440/104903Published online: July 24, 2014The long term consequence of immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation has prompted investigation of alternative means to modify the immune response to the allograft. Cell based therapies are potentially attractive as they may provide a long lasting immunomodulatory effect, may repair tissues and reduce the necessity to take immunosuppressive drug therapy. Of the current cell therapies, mesenchymal stem cells have now been trialled in small numbers of human kidney transplantation with apparent safety and potential efficacy. Many issues however need to be resolved before these cells will become mainstays of transplant immunosuppression including ex vivo modification to enhance immunomodulatory properties, cell number, route and frequency of administration as well as cellular source of origin.enCopyright © The author(s) 2014. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. Articles published by this open-access journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license.Mesenchymal stem cells; Kidney transplantation; Immunosuppression; Solid organ transplantation; Cellular therapiesJournal article003006484610.5410/wjcu.v3.i2.87289510Sivanathan, K. [0000-0002-2184-0565]