Gan, Zhen Ying,2025-12-172025-12-172014https://hdl.handle.net/11541.2/1333251 ethesis (321 pages) :illustrations.Includes bibliographical references.Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable haematological malignancy characterised by the uncontrolled proliferation of clonal plasma cells within the bone marrow (BM).MM patients present with osteolytic bone lesions throughout the axial and apendicular skeleton, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, hypercalcaemia, renal failure and immunosuppression. Approximately 10-15% of MM patients have been shown to have chromosomal trans locations involving the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3k)and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. The PI3k and mTOR pathways mediate cellular proliferation, growth and survival. In MM, these pathways promote uncontrolled plasma cell proliferation, cell survival and protection against apoptosis.The PI3k and mTOR pathways have also been shown to be important in osteoblast and osteoclast formation and function.enBloodHematology.Multiple myelomathesis