Bennett, K.J.Pizzolato, C.Martelli, S.Bahl, J.S.Sivakumar, A.Atkins, G.J.Solomon, L.B.Thewlis, D.2022-07-132022-07-132022IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2022; 69(7):2268-22750018-92941558-2531https://hdl.handle.net/2440/135800Objective: Using a musculoskeletal modelling framework, we aimed to (1) estimate knee joint loading using static optimization (SO); (2) explore different calibration functions in electromyogram (EMG)-informed models used in estimating knee load; and (3) determine, when using an EMG-informed stochastic method, if the measured joint loadings are solutions to the muscle redundancy problem when investigating only the uncertainty in muscle forces. Methods: Musculoskeletal models for three individuals with instrumented knee replacements were generated. Muscle forces were calculated using SO, EMG-informed, and EMGinformed stochastic methods. Measured knee joint loads from the prostheses were compared to the SO and EMGinformed solutions. Root mean square error (RMSE) in joint load estimation was calculated, and the muscle force ranges were compared. Results: The RMSE ranged between 192-674 N, 152-487 N, and 7-108 N for the SO, the calibrated EMG-informed solution, and the best fit stochastic result, respectively. The stochastic method produced solution spaces encompassing the measured joint loading up to 98% of stance. Conclusion: Uncertainty in muscle forces can account for total knee loading and it is recommended that, where possible, EMG measurements should be included to estimate knee joint loading. Significance: This work shows that the inclusion of EMG-informed modelling allows for better estimation of knee joint loading when compared to SO.en© 2022 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.Biomechanics; Biomechanical simulation; neuromusculoskeletal model; electromyographyBiomechanical PhenomenaElectromyographyGaitHumansKnee JointModels, BiologicalMuscle, SkeletalProstheses and ImplantsWalkingJournal article10.1109/TBME.2022.31410672022-07-13599183Bennett, K.J. [0000-0001-5411-0289]Bahl, J.S. [0000-0002-3267-0098]Sivakumar, A. [0000-0002-7446-3679]Atkins, G.J. [0000-0002-3123-9861]Solomon, L.B. [0000-0001-6254-2372]Thewlis, D. [0000-0001-6614-8663]