Chien, C.C.Tseng, P.Chen, H.Hua, T.Chen, S.T.Chen, Y.Leng, W.H.Wang, C.Hwu, Y.Yin, G.Liang, K.Chen, F.Chu, Y.Yeh, H.Yang, Y.Yang, C.Zhang, G.Je, J.Margaritondo, G.2025-12-172025-12-172013Biotechnology Advances, 2013; 31(3):375-3860734-9750https://hdl.handle.net/11541.2/115192Our experimental results demonstrate that full-field hard-X-ray microscopy is finally able to investigate the internal structure of cells in tissues. This result was made possible by three main factors: the use of a coherent (synchrotron) source of X-rays, the exploitation of contrast mechanisms based on the real part of the refractive index and the magnification provided by high-resolution Fresnel zone-plate objectives. We specifically obtained high-quality microradiographs of human and mouse cells with 29 nm Rayleigh spatial resolution and verified that tomographic reconstruction could be implemented with a final resolution level suitable for subcellular features. We also demonstrated that a phase retrieval method based on a wave propagation algorithm could yield good subcellular images starting from a series of defocused microradiographs. The concluding discussion compares cellular and subcellular hard-X-ray microradiology with other techniques and evaluates its potential impact on biomedical research.enfresnel phase zone platephase contrast radiologysubcellular organellex-ray microscopyJournal article10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.0052-s2.0-84865489036