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Browsing Theses by Author "Abat, Margaret"

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    ItemOpen Access
    The development of new slow-release boron fertilizers.
    (2015) Abat, Margaret; McLaughlin, Michael John; Degryse, Fien; Baird, Roslyn; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine
    Boron (B) deficiency and/or toxicity have caused significant impacts on agricultural crop production worldwide. The most commonly used sources of fertilizer B are water soluble, and are therefore susceptible to leaching in high rainfall environments. This may result in insufficient supply of B for plant growth later in the crop growth cycle (e.g. flowering), when B supply is most needed. Moreover, these highly soluble sources pose an increased risk of B toxicity to seedlings just after planting. One possible way to reduce nutrient losses and avoid seedling toxicity is by using slow-release fertilizer. Slow-release fertilizers provide an effective means to overcome the low use-efficiency and problems associated with highly soluble fertilizers in soils prone to nutrient leaching. This study has identified boron phosphate (BPO₄) compounds as potential raw materials for incorporation into macronutrient fertilizers to produce compound fertilizers containing slow-release B. The BPO₄ compounds were found to differ significantly from most commercially available B sources in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics. Boron phosphate compounds synthesized at 500 and 800 °C had low water solubility, with solubility decreasing with decreasing pH, slow kinetics of B release and B concentrations released initially from this B source by water were below the toxicity level for most crops. Products synthesized at these two temperatures were free flowing and were readily incorporated into granular mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) granules. The solubility of other slow-release B sources, namely ulexite and colemanite, were enhanced when co-granulated with MAP due to the low pH and high P concentrations in this macronutrient fertilizer – they therefore lost their slow release characteristics when co-granulated with MAP. This limitation did not apply to BPO₄ compounds where low pH and high P concentrations did not affect, or even slowed, B release. A rapid method to screen fertilizers for possible adverse effects of high B concentrations on germinating seedlings was developed, by assessing canola (Brassica napus L.) germination in Petri dishes using image analysis. The MAP fertilizers co-granulated with ulexite, borax and colemanite had an adverse effect on emerging canola seedlings even at a low total B concentration in the product (0.5% B). On the other hand, no toxicity symptoms were observed with the application of MAP co-granulated with BPO₄ even at higher B concentrations in the fertilizer (2.0% B). Concentrations of hot-water soluble B measured around the granule application site were in agreement with the toxicity results, with concentrations in the toxic range close to the granule for the most soluble B sources. In plant uptake experiments examining the recovery of B by plants from the various slow-release formulations by two crops of canola, the application of co-granulated soluble B sources led to toxicity in the first crop and deficiency in the second crop. The canola shoot dry weight was increased in treatments using co-granulated BPO₄ products compared with the unfertilized control for both crops. This result suggested that a single application of a macronutrient fertilizer containing co-granulated BPO₄ would be an effective slow-release B fertilizer for several cropping cycles. In summary, co-granulated BPO₄ products have potential as sources of slow-release B for incorporation into macronutrient fertilizers designed for high rainfall environments. This research work could have important implications for future B fertilizer development.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Retention, release and plant availability of copper and zinc in three tropical peat soils of Sarawak, Malaysia.
    (2011) Abat, Margaret; McLaughlin, Michael John; Kirby, Jason K.; Stacey, Samuel Peter; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine
    Natural tropical peat soils are unsuitable for cultivation of commercial crops because of their innate high acidity, high organic matter contents and low concentrations of essential nutrients. Lime is commonly applied to increase the soil pH prior to planting but this practice may affect the availability of nutrients. Deficiency of micronutrients, in particular copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), has been reported, but there is still a lack of information on the behaviour and bioavailability of these micronutrients in tropical peat soils. The aims of this thesis were therefore to study the adsorption and desorption reactions of Cu and Zn in tropical peat soils of Sarawak, Malaysia and evaluate the effects of added Cu and Zn to correct the micronutrient deficiency problems in the soils. The adsorption and desorption of Cu and Zn in three untreated (control) and limed soils were studied. The soils were sampled from three locations in Sarawak and were all characterised by low pH, low bulk density, high organic matter content and low concentrations of available macro- and micronutrients. For the limed soils, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) was used to increase the soil pH to 5.5. Both Cu and Zn adsorption followed a curvilinear (Freundlich) trend with binding affinity decreasing with concentrations of added Cu and Zn in all soils. At the same initial spiked concentrations, the adsorption of Cu and Zn were 50 and 67 times higher, respectively, in limed soils compared to that of controls. The three soils behaved similarly in relation to sorption of both Cu and Zn. The Freundlich coefficients (KF values) for Cu in control and limed soils were higher than those of Zn, indicating stronger solid phase sorption of Cu than Zn. The KF values for Cu and Zn were higher than those reported for mineral soils, but were similar to those reported for other tropical peat soils, suggesting that the efficiency of micronutrient Cu and Zn fertilisers would be low, and therefore fertiliser requirements for optimal crop production would be high. Desorption of adsorbed Cu and Zn was assessed using 10 mM calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂) and 5 mM diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). DTPA solution desorbed about 60% more Cu and Zn than Ca(NO₃)₂ solution. Copper was more effectively desorbed by DTPA than Zn, as Cu has a higher critical stability constant with DTPA. The percentage of adsorbed Cu desorbed by DTPA was lower in limed soils than in control soils, indicating that added Cu in limed soils will be less labile and bioavailable. By contrast, the percentage of adsorbed Zn desorbed by DTPA was higher in limed soils than in control soils. This is likely due to the possible changes in Zn speciation with increasing soil pH. The response of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Tiny Tom to application of Cu and Zn as basal fertilisers was also assessed. Using the Mitscherlich model, yield responses were found to correlate well with the rates of added Cu and Zn. The shoot growth of tomato plants in fertilised soils was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) enhanced by the application of Cu and Zn fertilisers in all three soils. Leaf Cu and Zn concentrations were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased. Responses to applied Zn were greater than those to applied Cu, and addition of Cu also increased Zn concentrations in tomato leaves and vice versa. This suggests a Zn ‘hidden’ response may exist when Cu fertiliser is added to these soils, since the addition of Cu probably displaces native Zn adsorbed to soil surfaces in these peat soils. As the rate of added micronutrients increased, concentrations of Cu in plant shoot material were much more regulated than those of Zn. Critical Cu and Zn concentrations in plant shoot to achieve 90% maximum yield were 16-21 mg/kg and 90-96 mg/kg, respectively, greater than those reported for tomato grown in other soil types. Critical concentrations for DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn in soil to achieve 90% maximum yield in the three soils were 1.6-2.9 and 3.5-3.6 mg/kg, respectively. The values for DTPA extractable Cu were within the range of the published critical values in other soil types. However, the critical concentrations of DTPA-extractable Zn were higher than the published critical values. These values can be used as a guide for fertiliser Cu and Zn recommendations on tropical peat soils in Sarawak.