Tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes as antimicrobial agents

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dc.contributor.authorGorle, A.
dc.contributor.authorFeterl, M.
dc.contributor.authorWarner, J.
dc.contributor.authorWallace, L.
dc.contributor.authorKeene, F.
dc.contributor.authorCollins, J.
dc.date.issued2014
dc.description.abstractA series of inert tri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes that are linked by the bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-1,n-alkane ligand ("bb(n)" for n = 10, 12 and 16) have been synthesised and their potential as antimicrobial agents examined. Due to the modular nature of the synthesis of the oligonuclear complexes, it was possible to make both linear and non-linear tetranuclear ruthenium species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the ruthenium(II) complexes were determined against four strains of bacteria--Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In order to gain an understanding of the relative antimicrobial activities, the cellular uptake and water-octanol partition coefficients (log P) were determined for a selection of the ruthenium complexes. Although the trinuclear complexes were the most lipophilic based upon log P values and showed the greatest cellular uptake, the linear tetranuclear complexes were generally more active, with MIC values <1 μM against the Gram positive bacteria. Similarly, although the non-linear tetranuclear complexes were slightly more lipophilic and were taken up to a greater extent by the bacteria, they were consistently less active than their linear counterparts. Of particular note, the cellular accumulation of the oligonuclear ruthenium complexes was greater in the Gram negative strains compared to that in the Gram positive S. aureus and MRSA. The results demonstrate that the lower antimicrobial activity of polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes towards Gram negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa, is not strongly correlated to the cellular accumulation but rather to a lower intrinsic ability to kill the Gram negative cells.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityAnil K. Gorle, Marshall Feterl, Jeffrey M. Warner, Lynne Wallace, F. Richard Keene and J. Grant Collins
dc.identifier.citationDalton Transactions, 2014; 43(44):16713-16725
dc.identifier.doi10.1039/c4dt02139h
dc.identifier.issn1477-9226
dc.identifier.issn1477-9234
dc.identifier.orcidKeene, F. [0000-0001-7759-0465]
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2440/96250
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherRoyal Society of Chemistry
dc.rightsThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1039/c4dt02139h
dc.subjectPseudomonas aeruginosa
dc.subjectEscherichia coli
dc.subjectStaphylococcus aureus
dc.subjectRuthenium
dc.subjectWater
dc.subject1-Octanol
dc.subjectAnti-Bacterial Agents
dc.subjectMicrobial Sensitivity Tests
dc.subjectElectrochemistry
dc.subjectCoordination Complexes
dc.titleTri- and tetra-nuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes as antimicrobial agents
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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