The role of hydrology in determining the distribution patterns of invasive willows (Salix) and dominant native trees in the lower River Murray (South Australia).
Date
2010
Authors
Gehrig, Susan L.
Editors
Advisors
Watling, Jennifer Robyn
Ganf, George
Ganf, George
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Thesis
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Abstract
This thesis explores the hydrological factors that may contribute to the observed distribution
patterns of invasive willows (Salix) and native trees (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. largiflorens and
Acacia stenophylla) along the Lower River Murray (LRM) in southern Australia. An initial survey,
establishing the diversity and flowering biology of Salix taxa was carried out to ascertain the extent
of invasion, and the likelihood of hybridisation, which may accelerate invasion. S. babylonica,
S. fragilis, S. × chrysochoma and S. × rubens occur in the study region, each represented by a single gender. None were present on floodplains, but the most dominant taxon, S. babylonica,
occurred along the entire length of the main channel. No seed or seedlings were observed; hence
reproduction is likely to be asexual.
More detailed survey work was then carried out to characterise the distribution patterns of the
dominant S. babylonica and co-occurring natives (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. largiflorens and
Acacia stenophylla) along a hydrologic gradient produced by the extensive weir system in the
LRM. In weir pools, variation in daily water levels of weir pools is low (± 0.1 m) immediately
upstream of the weir, but higher immediately downstream (0.2-1.0 m daily). The distribution of
natives was uniform across weir pools, while S. babylonica was more abundant above weir
structures, suggesting low tolerance to variable water regimes.
Hypotheses relating to the observed distribution patterns were then tested experimentally on
juveniles of the S. babylonica, E. camaldulensis and A. stenophylla. The experiment was carried
out in outdoor ponds using an orthogonal design, with four elevations in relation to water level (-25
cm, 0 cm +25 cm, + 50 cm) under each of three water regimes. Experimental water regimes
manipulated the magnitude of daily water level changes (static, 0 m dayˉ¹ ; moderate, ± 0.05 - 0.15
m dayˉ¹; high, ± 0.2 -0.5 m dayˉ¹) to mimic typical hydrological conditions across weir pools in the
LRM. Final biomass and mean relative growth rates (S. babylonica, 0.0403 ± 0.002 g mˉ²dayˉ¹ A.
stenophylla, 0.0249 ± 0.0017 g m ˉ² dayˉ¹; E. camaldulensis, 0.0204 ± 0.0016g mˉ² dayˉ¹) of all 3
species were unaffected by water regimes (i.e. water fluctuations), but were affected by elevation.
Survival of both S. babylonica and A. stenophylla was lowest at low elevations where inundation
was high. At higher elevations (+25 cm, +50 cm) the RGR of S. babylonica juveniles was much
higher than the native juveniles.
To test if the persistence of adults of each species along hydrologic gradients were associated with
differing tolerances to water deficits and water use characteristics, S. babylonica and native species
were examined under typical hydrological conditions in the field and during an unusual drawdown.
S. babylonica occurring at the lowest elevations on riverbanks, had the least negative predawn shoot water potential (ψpredawn), followed by the natives, which were at higher elevations.
A. stenophylla had the lowest stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) values (by 1.7 ‰) on the riverbank;
suggesting more profligate water use than S. babylonica and E. camaldulensis. However, all
riverbank trees had significantly less negative ψpredawn and lower δ¹³C than native trees on
floodplains, consistent with higher water availability on riverbanks. The position and stable oxygen
isotope ratio (δ¹⁸O) values were consistent with riverbank S. babylonica sourcing their water
directly from the river or from shallow soil-water sources (<0.25 m). In floodplain habitats, depth
to water was > 2.5 m, and groundwater was 5 times more saline (4.97 ± 0.88 dS mˉ¹) than river-water.
Native trees with deep roots, the ability to lower water potentials and alter water use
efficiencies may be at an advantage in this habitat relative to S. babylonica.
Extreme low flows in the LRM, over a 6-month period, provided an opportunity to assess how
S. babylonica and E. camaldulensis responded to a river-water drawdown. During the drawdown,
river-water levels fell at a rate of ~2 – 2.5 mm dayˉ¹ and dropped to a minimum of 0.42 m below
the designated pool level. S. babylonica and E. camaldulensis maintained high ψpredawn across the
drawdown period, most likely because riverbank soil water availability was not limited; as depth to
water table only decreased marginally (≤0.15 m) and soil water content and soil water potential
were high (<1.1 MPa). However, an above average rainfall in February 2003 significantly
increased soil water potential in the upper 0.25 m of the riverbank, which correlated with a
significant increase in ψpredawn in E. camaldulensis, suggesting they were able to use shallow,
precipitation derived soil-water sources whereas S. babylonica were not. Also under hot, dry
conditions, S. babylonica had higher transpiration rates and lower instantaneous water use
efficiencies than co-occurring E. camaldulensis. This suggests that S. babylonica may consume
larger volumes of water per unit leaf area than natives, if access to water is maintained.
School/Discipline
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Dissertation Note
Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2010
Provenance
Copyright material removed from digital thesis. See print copy in University of Adelaide Library for full text.