Metabolic and behavioral compensations in response to caloric restriction: Implications for the maintenance of weight loss

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dc.contributor.authorRedman, L.
dc.contributor.authorHeilbronn, L.
dc.contributor.authorMartin, C.
dc.contributor.authorde Jonge, L.
dc.contributor.authorWilliamson, D.
dc.contributor.authorDeLany, J.
dc.contributor.authorRavussin, E.
dc.contributor.editorWang, C.
dc.date.issued2009
dc.description.abstract<h4>Background</h4>Metabolic and behavioral adaptations to caloric restriction (CR) in free-living conditions have not yet been objectively measured.<h4>Methodology and principal findings</h4>Forty-eight (36.8+/-1.0 y), overweight (BMI 27.8+/-0.7 kg/m(2)) participants were randomized to four groups for 6-months;<h4>Control</h4>energy intake at 100% of energy requirements; CR: 25% calorie restriction; CR+EX: 12.5% CR plus 12.5% increase in energy expenditure by structured exercise; LCD: low calorie diet (890 kcal/d) until 15% weight reduction followed by weight maintenance. Body composition (DXA) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) over 14-days by doubly labeled water (DLW) and activity related energy activity (AREE) were measured after 3 (M3) and 6 (M6) months of intervention. Weight changes at M6 were -1.0+/-1.1% (CONTROL), -10.4+/-0.9% (CR), -10.0+/-0.8% (CR+EX) and -13.9+/-0.8% (LCD). At M3, absolute TDEE was significantly reduced in CR (-454+/-76 kcal/d) and LCD (-633+/-66 kcal/d) but not in CR+EX or controls. At M6 the reduction in TDEE remained lower than baseline in CR (-316+/-118 kcal/d) and LCD (-389+/-124 kcal/d) but reached significance only when CR and LCD were combined (-351+/-83 kcal/d). In response to caloric restriction (CR/LCD combined), TDEE adjusted for body composition, was significantly lower by -431+/-51 and -240+/-83 kcal/d at M3 and M6, respectively, indicating a metabolic adaptation. Likewise, physical activity (TDEE adjusted for sleeping metabolic rate) was significantly reduced from baseline at both time points. For control and CR+EX, adjusted TDEE (body composition or sleeping metabolic rate) was not changed at either M3 or M6.<h4>Conclusions</h4>For the first time we show that in free-living conditions, CR results in a metabolic adaptation and a behavioral adaptation with decreased physical activity levels. These data also suggest potential mechanisms by which CR causes large inter-individual variability in the rates of weight loss and how exercise may influence weight loss and weight loss maintenance.<h4>Trial registration</h4>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00099151.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityLeanne M. Redman, Leonie K. Heilbronn, Corby K. Martin, Lilian de Jonge, Donald A. Williamson, James P. Delany, Eric Ravussin, for the Pennington CALERIE team
dc.identifier.citationPLoS One, 2009; 4(2):1-9
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0004377
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.orcidHeilbronn, L. [0000-0003-2106-7303]
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2440/56203
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science
dc.rightsCopyright: © 2009 Redman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004377
dc.subjectPennington CALERIE Team
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectWeight Loss
dc.subjectBody Mass Index
dc.subjectBehavior Control
dc.subjectCaloric Restriction
dc.subjectBody Composition
dc.subjectEnergy Metabolism
dc.subjectEnergy Intake
dc.subjectAdult
dc.subjectMiddle Aged
dc.subjectFemale
dc.subjectMale
dc.titleMetabolic and behavioral compensations in response to caloric restriction: Implications for the maintenance of weight loss
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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