Association between Extracellular Material and Biofilm Formation in Response to Sodium Hypochlorite by Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis

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dc.contributor.authorYoo, A.
dc.contributor.authorRossi-Fedele, G.
dc.contributor.authorKidd, S.
dc.contributor.authorRogers, A.
dc.contributor.authorZilm, P.
dc.date.issued2018
dc.description.abstractExtracellular material (ECM) surrounding Enterococcus faecalis may play a role in increasing resistance to environmental stresses. Our aim was to determine ECM levels in response to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (sub-MIC/NaOCl) or anaerobic growth and determine the impact on biofilm development.From 37 E. faecalis clinical strains, 19 were selected according to their biofilm-producing ability by using a crystal violet biofilm assay: 10 strong, 4 intermediate, and 5 non-biofilm producers. Biofilm assays were subsequently performed on all strains when subjected to sub-MIC/NaOCl. All strains were evaluated for ECM production under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and with sub-MIC/NaOCl. ECM production was assessed by using scanning electron microscopy. Double-blinded independent assessors were used to score levels of ECM production. The esp gene was detected by using polymerase chain reaction. Gelatinase activity was determined by using Todd-Hewitt and gelatin agar.In aerobic conditions, ECM was expressed in all strains. In the presence of sub-MIC/NaOCl, of the 10 strong biofilm producers, 5 increased their ECM production, and 4 showed increased biofilm growth. Two strains had less ECM production and showed decreased biofilm growth. One isolate demonstrated no observable changes. Most non-biofilm producers demonstrated no observable differences in ECM production, although 1 strain increased biofilm growth. ECM production in anaerobic conditions was highly variable. The esp gene (n = 15) and gelatinase activity (n = 7) were evident among the isolates.Clonal diversity among strains of E. faecalis suggests that some strong biofilm producers can upregulate ECM production and increase biofilm growth in response to sub-MIC/NaOCl.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityAustin Yoo, Giampiero Rossi-Fedele, Stephen P. Kidd, Anthony H.Rogers, Peter S. Zilm
dc.identifier.citationJournal of Endodontics, 2018; 44(2):269-273
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.025
dc.identifier.issn0099-2399
dc.identifier.issn1878-3554
dc.identifier.orcidRossi-Fedele, G. [0000-0002-8287-1226]
dc.identifier.orcidKidd, S. [0000-0002-2118-1651]
dc.identifier.orcidZilm, P. [0000-0001-7554-9717]
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2440/112020
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherAmerican Association of Endodontists
dc.rights© 2017 American Association of Endodontists.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.025
dc.subjectBiofilm
dc.subjectEnterococcus faecalis
dc.subjectclonal diversity
dc.subjectextracellular material
dc.subjectstress response
dc.titleAssociation between Extracellular Material and Biofilm Formation in Response to Sodium Hypochlorite by Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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