Disrupting future discounting: a commentary on an underutilised psychological approach for improving adherence to diet and physical activity interventions
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Date
2023
Authors
Kakoschke, N.
Cox, D.N.
Ryan, J.
Gwilt, I.
Davis, A.
Jansons, P.
de Courten, B.
Brinkworth, G.
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Public Health Nutrition, 2023; 26(5):1088-1093
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Non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus are major contributors to the burden of disease. NCD are largely driven by modifiable lifestyle factors including poor diet and insufficient physical activity, and consequently, prevention is a public health priority. Although diet and physical activity levels can be improved via lifestyle interventions, long-term adherence to such interventions remains low, which limits their effectiveness. Thus, it is critical to identify the underlying mechanisms that challenge uptake and adherence to such interventions. The current commentary discusses an important, but underexplored, psychological driver of poor adherence to lifestyle interventions, namely, future discounting, which describes the tendency to prefer smaller, short-term rewards over larger, long-term rewards.
For example, in the nutrition domain, future discounting refers to valuing the immediate reward of excessive intake of energy-dense, nutrient-poor, discretionary foods high in salt, sugar, and saturated fat, and insufficient intake of low-energy, nutrient-dense, whole foods such as vegetables. Prominent theoretical models propose that excessive future discounting is a major contributor to the development of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. Furthermore, a vast body of evidence suggests that future discounting plays a key role in risk of NCD. Thus, the evidence to date supports the idea that future discounting is an important multi-behaviour target for supporting lifestyle behaviour change; however, this approach has been largely neglected in preventive health efforts. Furthermore, this commentary discusses promising techniques (e.g. Episodic Future Thinking) for disrupting future discounting to promote improved adherence to lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing NCD risk.
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Copyright 2023 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ABN 41 687 119 230, having its principal office at CSIRO Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Clunies Ross Street, Acton ACT, Australia. and the Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence, which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited. (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/)