Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: an overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES

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dc.contributor.authorMcFarquhar, G.M.
dc.contributor.authorBretherton, C.S.
dc.contributor.authorMarchand, R.
dc.contributor.authorProtat, A.
dc.contributor.authorDeMott, P.J.
dc.contributor.authorAlexander, S.P.
dc.contributor.authorRoberts, G.C.
dc.contributor.authorTwohy, C.H.
dc.contributor.authorToohey, D.
dc.contributor.authorSiems, S.
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Y.
dc.contributor.authorWood, R.
dc.contributor.authorRauber, R.M.
dc.contributor.authorLasher-Trapp, S.
dc.contributor.authorJensen, J.
dc.contributor.authorStith, J.L.
dc.contributor.authorMace, J.
dc.contributor.authorUm, J.
dc.contributor.authorJärvinen, E.
dc.contributor.authorSchnaiter, M.
dc.contributor.authoret al.
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractWeather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, lidar, and other instruments to make comprehensive measurements of thermodynamics, surface radiation, cloud, precipitation, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nucleating particles over the SO cold waters, and in ubiquitous liquid and mixed-phase clouds common to this pristine environment. Data including soundings were collected from the NSF–NCAR G-V aircraft flying north–south gradients south of Tasmania, at Macquarie Island, and on the R/V Investigator and RSV Aurora Australis. Synergistically these data characterize boundary layer and free troposphere environmental properties, and represent the most comprehensive data of this type available south of the oceanic polar front, in the cold sector of SO cyclones, and across seasons. Results show largely pristine environments with numerous small and few large aerosols above cloud, suggesting new particle formation and limited long-range transport from continents, high variability in CCN and cloud droplet concentrations, and ubiquitous supercooled water in thin, multilayered clouds, often with small-scale generating cells near cloud top. These observations demonstrate how cloud properties depend on aerosols while highlighting the importance of dynamics and turbulence that likely drive heterogeneity of cloud phase. Satellite retrievals confirmed low clouds were responsible for radiation biases. The combination of models and observations is examining how aerosols and meteorology couple to control SO water and energy budgets.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityGreg M. McFarquhar … Andrew R. Klekociuk … et al.
dc.identifier.citationBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2021; 102(4):894-928
dc.identifier.doi10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1
dc.identifier.issn0003-0007
dc.identifier.issn1520-0477
dc.identifier.orcidKlekociuk, A.R. [0000-0003-3335-0034]
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2440/132948
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherAmerican Meteorological Society
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP150102894
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP190101362
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/CE170100023
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP160101598
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/LE150100048
dc.rights©2021 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0132.1
dc.subjectSouthern Ocean; cloud microphysics; cloud radiative effects; cloud water/phase; radiation budgets; aerosol-cloud interaction
dc.titleObservations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: an overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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