Population differentiation of Southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system

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dc.contributor.authorArunKumar, G.
dc.contributor.authorSoria-Hernanz, D.
dc.contributor.authorKavitha, V.
dc.contributor.authorArun, V.
dc.contributor.authorSyama, A.
dc.contributor.authorAshokan, K.
dc.contributor.authorGandhirajan, K.
dc.contributor.authorVijayakumar, K.
dc.contributor.authorNarayanan, M.
dc.contributor.authorJayalakshmi, M.
dc.contributor.authorZiegle, J.
dc.contributor.authorRoyyuru, A.
dc.contributor.authorParida, L.
dc.contributor.authorWells, R.
dc.contributor.authorRenfrew, C.
dc.contributor.authorSchurr, T.
dc.contributor.authorSmith, C.
dc.contributor.authorPlatt, D.
dc.contributor.authorPitchappan, R.
dc.contributor.authorAdler, C.
dc.contributor.authoret al.
dc.contributor.editorKayser, M.
dc.contributor.otherAdler, Christina Jane
dc.contributor.otherCooper, Alan
dc.contributor.otherDer Sarkissian, Clio Simone Irmgard
dc.contributor.otherHaak, Wolfgang
dc.date.issued2012
dc.descriptionChristina J. Adler, Alan Cooper, Clio S.I. Der Sarkissian and Wolfgang Haak are contributors to the Genographic Consortium
dc.description.abstractPrevious studies that pooled Indian populations from a wide variety of geographical locations, have obtained contradictory conclusions about the processes of the establishment of the Varna caste system and its genetic impact on the origins and demographic histories of Indian populations. To further investigate these questions we took advantage that both Y chromosome and caste designation are paternally inherited, and genotyped 1,680 Y chromosomes representing 12 tribal and 19 non-tribal (caste) endogamous populations from the predominantly Dravidian-speaking Tamil Nadu state in the southernmost part of India. Tribes and castes were both characterized by an overwhelming proportion of putatively Indian autochthonous Y-chromosomal haplogroups (H-M69, F-M89, R1a1-M17, L1-M27, R2-M124, and C5-M356; 81% combined) with a shared genetic heritage dating back to the late Pleistocene (10–30 Kya), suggesting that more recent Holocene migrations from western Eurasia contributed, <20% of the male lineages. We found strong evidence for genetic structure, associated primarily with the current mode of subsistence. Coalescence analysis suggested that the social stratification was established 4–6 Kya and there was little admixture during the last 3 Kya, implying a minimal genetic impact of the Varna(caste) system from the historically-documented Brahmin migrations into the area. In contrast, the overall Y-chromosomal patterns, the time depth of population diversifications and the period of differentiation were best explained by the emergence of agricultural technology in South Asia. These results highlight the utility of detailed local genetic studies within India, without prior assumptions about the importance of Varna rank status for population grouping, to obtain new insights into the relative influences of past demographic events for the population structure of the whole of modern India.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityGaneshPrasad ArunKumar, David F. Soria-Hernanz, Valampuri John Kavitha, Varatharajan Santhakumari Arun, Adhikarla Syama, Kumaran Samy Ashokan, Kavandanpatti Thangaraj Gandhirajan, Koothapuli Vijayakumar, Muthuswamy Narayanan, Mariakuttikan Jayalakshmi, Janet S. Ziegle, Ajay K. Royyuru, Laxmi Parida, R. Spencer Wells, Colin Renfrew, Theodore G. Schurr, Chris Tyler Smith, Daniel E. Platt, Ramasamy Pitchappan, The Genographic Consortium
dc.identifier.citationPLoS One, 2012; 7(11):1-16
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0050269
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.orcidCooper, A. [0000-0002-7738-7851]
dc.identifier.orcidHaak, W. [0000-0003-2475-2007]
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2440/77837
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science
dc.rightsCopyright: © 2012 ArunKumar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050269
dc.subjectGenographic Consortium
dc.subjectChromosomes, Human, Y
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectDNA, Mitochondrial
dc.subjectModels, Statistical
dc.subjectGenetics, Population
dc.subjectDemography
dc.subjectPhylogeny
dc.subjectMicrosatellite Repeats
dc.subjectHaplotypes
dc.subjectMutation
dc.subjectGeography
dc.subjectSocial Class
dc.subjectAgriculture
dc.subjectIndia
dc.subjectMale
dc.subjectGenetic Variation
dc.subjectHuman Migration
dc.subjectEthnicity
dc.titlePopulation differentiation of Southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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