Sol-Gel materials in analytical microextraction
Date
2025
Authors
Desire, C.T.
Arrua, R.D.
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Soylak, M.
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Book chapter
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Source details - Title: Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation, 2025 / Soylak, M. (ed./s), vol.2, Ch.2.19, pp.413-447
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Abstract
Analytical microextraction is an emerging technique that allows for the extraction and analysis of a wide variety of analytes from complex matrices. It only requires very low sample volumes, often only a few microliters for liquid samples, and minimal amount of solvent for extraction. The development of new technologies is of paramount importance, and has enabled applications in environmental monitoring, food sampling, as well as the analysis of biological samples. A variety of formats have also been prepared, including fibers for solid-phase microextraction (SPME), capillaries for capillary microextraction (CME), and stir-bars for stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE).
These substrates are often coated with an extracting phase, where this adsorbent material is key for its successful application. Thus, advances in the field of material science have allowed the development of highly selective materials useful for analytical microextraction, where they can enable highly selective and sensitive analysis, when coupled with an appropriate analytical technique. Materials with high surface areas have also been developed, which can be useful for more comprehensive analysis. Sol-gel chemistry, in particular, has emerged as an effective method for developing novel adsorbents with a range of chemical functionalities, morphologies, and porous architecture.
This chapter will cover the fundamental concepts and principles underpinning these microextraction techniques with a focus on the development of sol-gel materials for SPME, CME, and SBSE. An introduction to the sol-gel process will be presented, including methods for pre-treatment of the support material, preparation of the initial sol solution and the role of each component, as well as the post-coating treatment methods. The inclusion of additional components to impart unique functionality and properties to the resulting coatings will also be presented. Finally, the wide variety of applications of these sol-gel materials for microextraction will be discussed, with a focus on environmental and biological samples.
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