Iron-fortified foods are needed to meet the Estimated Average Requirement for iron in Australian infants 6-12 months

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dc.contributor.authorMoumin, N.A.
dc.contributor.authorGrieger, J.A.
dc.contributor.authorNetting, M.J.
dc.contributor.authorMakrides, M.
dc.contributor.authorGreen, T.J.
dc.date.issued2023
dc.descriptionAvailable online 19 August 2023
dc.description.abstractBackground: Meeting iron intake recommendations is challenging for infants 6–12 mo, especially breastfed infants. Three-quarters of Australian infants 6–12 mo have iron intakes below the estimated average requirement (7 mg), placing them at risk of iron deficiency. After 6 mo, breastmilk is no longer sufficient to meet the increased demand for iron, and iron-rich complementary foods are recommended. Ironfortified foods may be a means of improving iron intake in infants, particularly those that are breastfed. Objectives: The aims of the study were as follows: 1) to examine the effect of milk-type and fortified foods on iron intake and the prevalence of inadequacy in infants 6–12 mo; 2) to model the effect of fixed amounts of iron-fortified infant cereal (IFIC) at 6 levels of iron fortification on total iron intake and the prevalence of inadequacy; and 3) to assess the effect IFIC on the intake of other nutrients in the diet. Design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional dietary intake data of infants 6–12 mo (n ¼ 286) participating in the Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS) 2021. Results: Median (interquartile range) iron intake was 8.9 (7.5, 10.3); 6.3 (4.5, 8.2); and 2.7 (1.5, 4.4) mg/d in formula-fed, combinationfed, and breastfed infants, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of inadequacy was 19%, 67%, and 96%. Infants who consumed fortified foods had higher median iron intakes than those who did not, 6.2 compared with 1.9 mg/d. Dietary modeling showed that consuming 18 g (300 kJ) of IFIC, fortified at 35 mg/100 g dry weight, reduces the prevalence of inadequacy for iron from 75% to 5% for all infants. Conclusions: Iron intakes are low in Australian infants, especially for breastfed infants in the second half of infancy. Modeling shows that 300 kJ of IFIC, the current manufacturer-recommended serving, fortified at 35 mg/100 g dry weight, added to infant diets would be an effective means to reduce the prevalence of inadequacy for iron.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityNajma A. Moumin, Jessica A. Grieger, Merryn J. Netting, Maria Makrides, Tim J. Green
dc.identifier.citationThe Journal of Nutrition, 2023; 153(10):3101-3109
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.018
dc.identifier.issn0022-3166
dc.identifier.issn1541-6100
dc.identifier.orcidMoumin, N.A. [0000-0002-3336-3153]
dc.identifier.orcidGrieger, J.A. [0000-0003-1515-948X]
dc.identifier.orcidNetting, M.J. [0000-0002-0642-9145]
dc.identifier.orcidMakrides, M. [0000-0003-3832-541X]
dc.identifier.orcidGreen, T.J. [0000-0002-0667-4300]
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2440/139667
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherOxford University Press (OUP)
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/2016756
dc.relation.granthttp://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1156518
dc.rights© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.018
dc.subjectIron
dc.subjectInfant Feeding
dc.subjectIron Fortified Infant Cereal
dc.subjectDietary Modeling
dc.subjectAustralia
dc.titleIron-fortified foods are needed to meet the Estimated Average Requirement for iron in Australian infants 6-12 months
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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