Environment Institute Leaders publications
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Item Open Access Problems in plasma dynamics and fluid mechanics(Adelaide,, 1967) Wigley, Tom Michael Lampe; Dept. of Mathematical PhysicsItem Open Access The eocene megafossil flora of Nerriga, New South Wales / by Robert S. Hill(1980) Hill, Robert Stephen; Dept. of BotanyItem Open Access The biology and ecology of Clubiona species (Araneae : Clubionidae) and their scelionid parasitoids (Hymenoptera) / by Andrew Donald Austin(1982) Austin, Andrew Donald; Dept. of EntomologyItem Open Access A molecular and evolutionary study of the [beta]-globin gene family of Sminthopsis crassicaudata / by Steven J.B. Cooper(1991) Cooper, Steven John Baynard; Dept. of GeneticsItem Metadata only Genetic evidence for extra-pair fertilisations in socially monogamous Short-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus tenuirostris (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae), using DNA fingerprinting(CSIRO Publishing, 1993) Austin, J.; Carter, R.; Parkin, D.Genetic relationships between adults and nestlings of the short-failed shearwater, Puffinus tenuirostris, were analysed by multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Short-tailed shearwaters are socially monogamous, forming strong pair bonds, often for many years. The human polycore minisatellite probe, 33-6, revealed sufficient variation in shearwater DNA to allow individual-specific identification. A total of 22 nestlings and 32 adults, comprising 10 trios of nestling and both parents, and 12 pairs of nestling and only one parent, were examined. Analysis of fingerprint profiles revealed four cases where a nestling was not related to one of the attendant adults, and may have resulted from an extra-pair fertilisation. Extra-pair fertilisations, as an alternative breeding strategy, are discussed with respect to the biased and low reproductive output of this long-lived species.Item Metadata only Hatching success of the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris) in two Tasmanian colonies(Australian Bird Study Association, 1994) Austin, J.; Edmunds, M.Considerable variation between colonies and yearsItem Metadata only Critical flow and blooms of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis in the Murray River system(Australian Water and Wastewater Association, 1994) Burch, M.; Steffenson, D.; Bursill, D.; Bain, D.; Ganf, G.; Brookes, J.; Environmental Flows Seminar (25-26 August 1994 : Canberra, ACT)Item Metadata only Separation of forms of Microcystis from Anabaena in mixed populations by the application of pressure(CSIRO, 1994) Brookes, J.; Ganf, G.; Burch, M.Critical-pressure distributions of gas vesicles in Anabaena circinalis, Microcystis aeruginosa f. aeruginosa and M. a. f. flos-aquae were determined for suspensions both in hypertonic sucrose solutions and in reservoir water. The differences between the critical and apparent critical pressures of gas vesicles suggested that differential pressurization could be used to separate these taxa. Subsequent experiments successfully separated (>90%) the two formae of Microcystis by the application of 500 kPa and M. a. f. aeruginosa from A, circinalis by the application of 300 kPa. This technique has the potential to provide sufficiently pure material to distinguish the relative toxicity of the two formae of Microcystis in the presence of a neurotoxic A. circinalis.Item Metadata only Population genetic structure of a philopatric, colonial nesting seabird, the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris)(American Ornithologists Union, 1994) Austin, J.; White, R.; Ovenden, J.Short-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) are a numerous, colonially nesting seabird that is strongly philopatric. We applied restriction-enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to 335 individuals from 11 colonies across southeastern Australia to assess population-genetic structure and the amount of genetic variability in this species. Eleven 6/5.33-base and four 4-base restriction enzymes revealed 25 and 48 mtDNA haplotypes in two overlapping surveys of 215 individuals from seven colonies and 231 individuals from eight colonies, respectively. A low mean sequence diversity among individuals (0.247%) and lack of spatial structuring of mtDNA haplotypes suggest a lack of population-genetic structure and a reduced ancestral population size during glaciation, followed by a population and range expansion. Intracolony mtDNA diversities in three recently established colonies and in one colony that has experienced a recent bottleneck were comparable to mtDNA diversities within larger and older colonies. This suggests that, despite strict philopatry in those colonies, colony founding and recovery from population reduction occurs via immigration of a large number of individuals.Item Metadata only Increased genetic diversity in mitochondrial genes is correlated with the evolution of parasitism in the Hymenoptera(Springer International, 1995) Dowton, M.; Austin, A.A higher AT content and rate of mtDNA sequence divergence was found in parasitic wasps (Apocrita) compared with nonparasitic wasps (Symphyta). The compositional bias was reflected in extreme codon bias for a cytochrome oxidase I protein coding gene fragment as well as in the types of amino acid substitutions that have occurred during the evolution of this gene fragment. In some instances, compositional bias influenced the definition of a conservative amino acid change. The increased rate of mtDNA sequence evolution probably arose during the early Jurassic, coincident with the first appearance of parasitic wasps in the fossil record. Our results suggest a causal link between the rate of sequence divergence and the parasitic lifestyle.Item Metadata only New species of scelionid wasps (Hymenoptera:Scelionidae:Baeini) from Western Australia, Parasitic on spider eggs(The Museum, 1995) Austin, A.Item Metadata only Oriental Mealybug Parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae) by J.S. Noyes & M. Hayat(Watson Ferguson and Co., 1995) Austin, A.Item Metadata only Pollution monitoring using chironomid larvae: What is a deformity?(CSIRO Publications, 1995) Madden, C.; Austin, A.; Suter, P.; Cranston, P.Item Metadata only Revision of the Australasian species of Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)(CSIRO, 1995) Dangerfield, P.; Austin, A.The Australasian species in the genera Cardiochiles Nees ab Esenbeck and Bohayella Belokobylskij are revised. Twenty species of Cardiochiles are described as new, while C. dissimulator Turner, C. fuscipennis SzBpligeti, C. rufator Roman, C. uniformis Turner and C. verticalis Turner are redescribed. Bohayella toxopeusi, sp. nov. is newly described from New Guinea, this being the first record of the genus for the Australasian region, while C. adina Wilkinson, known from India and Malaysia, is transferred to Bohayella (new combination). Cardiochiles assimilator Turner, C. fasciatus SzBpligeti, C. piliventris Cameron, C. similis Brues and C. trichiosomus Cameron are synonymised with C. fuscipennis and a diagnosis of C. philippensis Ashmead is given. Information on the distribution of each species, host relationships where known, and taxonomic relationships are provided, along with an illustrated key to species.Item Metadata only Primary parasitism, development and adult biology in the wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera:Trigonalyidae)(CSIRO, 1995) Weinstein, P.; Austin, A.The biology of the Australian wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek was investigated using populations in the Adelaide Region during 1986-90. This species is unusual for a trigonalyid because it is a primary parasitoid of a pergid sawfly and can act facultatively as a hyperparasitoid. The wasp oviposits onto foliage, eggs are ingested by host larvae, eggs then hatch, and the larva penetrates the gut wall. Saline, acid saline, cathepsin and physical manipulation were effective in triggering eclosion. Eggs were viable on foliage for up to 5 months. Larval instars 1-3 are endoparasitic; 4-5 are ectoparasitic. Populations are univoltine, and adults emerge between February and April in synchrony with early-stage host larvae. Adult wasps are relatively short lived (8 days), but survival is increased by access to water and food. Female wasps contain over 6000 eggs at emergence. Aspects of the biology of T. venatoria are discussed in relation to other species of trigonalyid wasps.Item Metadata only Female-specific restriction fragments revealed by DNA fingerprinting and implications for extra-pair fertilisations in the Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris, Procellariiformes: Procellariidae).(CSIRO Publishing, 1995) Austin, J.; Parkin, D.We report a female-specific restriction fragment in the DNA fingerprints of short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) that hybridises to a derivative of the human multilocus minisatellite probe 33.6. This genetic method of assigning sex has relevance to studies of population biology, reproductive success and mating systems in this species. The presence or absence of the female-specific restriction fragment has allowed us to reinterpret results from a previous DNA fingerprinting study of mating systems in the short-tailed shearwater.Item Metadata only Thelytoky in Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with notes on its distribution and first record of the male sex(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 1996) Weinstein, P.; Austin, A.The Trigonalyidae, which have previously been thought to reproduce arrhenotokously like most parasitic Hymenoptera, are added to the list of families from which thelytoky (true parthenogenesis) is recorded. This has been inferred for Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek on the basis of a male:female sex ratio in the field ranging from about 1:250 to 0:1500. The rare male of this species is described for the first time, and the known distribution of the species extended to include South Australia. The host range of T. venatoria, which parasitises widely dispersing pergid sawfly larvae, is proposed as a possible reason for its thelytokous mode of reproduction.Item Metadata only Long-term in vitro correction of alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (Hurler syndrome) in human bone marrow(NATL ACAD SCIENCES, 1996) Fairbairn, L.; Lashford, L.; Spooncer, E.; McDermott, R.; Lebens, G.; Arrand, J.; Arrand, J.; Bellantuono, I.; Holt, R.; Hatton, C.; Cooper, A.; Besley, G.; Wraith, J.; Anson, D.; Hopwood, J.; Dexter, T.Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the most effective treatment for Hurler syndrome but, since this therapy is not available to all patients, we have considered an alternative approach based on transfer and expression of the normal gene in autologous bone marrow. A retroviral vector carrying the full-length cDNA for alpha-L-iduronidase has been constructed and used to transduce bone marrow from patients with this disorder. Various gene-transfer protocols have been assessed including the effect of intensive schedules of exposure of bone marrow to viral supernatant and the influence of growth factors. With these protocols, we have demonstrated successful gene transfer into primitive CD34+ cells and subsequent enzyme expression in their maturing progeny. Also, by using long-term bone marrow cultures, we have demonstrated high levels of enzyme expression sustained for several months. The efficiency of gene transfer has been assessed by PCR analysis of hemopoietic colonies as 25-56%. No advantage has been demonstrated for the addition of growth factors or intensive viral exposure schedules. The enzyme is secreted into the medium and functional localization has been demonstrated by reversal of the phenotypic effects of lysosomal storage in macrophages. This work suggests that retroviral gene transfer into human bone marrow may offer the prospect for gene therapy of Hurler syndrome in young patients without a matched sibling donor.Item Metadata only Comparison of preservation techniques for DNA extraction from hymenopterous insects(BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD, 1996) Dillon, N.; Austin, A.; Bartowsky, E.Two species of parasitic wasp, Venturia canescens and Leptomastix dactylopii, were killed and preserved by various methods used for Hymenoptera and in mass-collecting devices. Total genomic DNA was subsequently extracted and a 524 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16s ribosomal RNA gene amplified by PCR. Results for these techniques were compared with that for fresh material and museum specimens. Material from -80°C, 100% ethanol, air-drying in a desiccator, and critical-point dried from alcohol all yielded good results after short and long-term storage, as did specimens from ethylene glycol but not formalin (the latter two being commonly used in pitfall and flight intercept traps). Specimens killed in ethyl acetate vapour and air-dried yielded very degraded DNA which did not successfully PCR. The use of this killing agent is a likely reason for previous reports of inconsistent results obtained from museum specimens, and the now widespread use of critical-point drying of wasps and other insects from alcohol is advocated as a potential source of DNA from rare taxa.Item Metadata only The effect of fuel jet precession on the global properties and emissions of free turbulent jet flames(1996) Nathan, G.; Turns, S.; Bandaru, R.