School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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The School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences is located on the historic Roseworthy Campus, 53 km north of Adelaide.
The construction of leading-edge teaching facilities and veterinary hospital continue to invigorate the campus. Ultimately, the facilities will include Centres for Companion Animal Health, Production Animal Health, Equine Health and Rehabilitation of Companion Animals. The Companion Animal Health Centre is operational and open to the public.
The School is developing partnerships with veterinary practices and State Government agencies to allow co-localisation of facilities to enhance the exposure of students to a wide range of veterinary skills and professional practice types. More information is available from the school's website.
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Item Metadata only Δ¹⁴-sterol reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Elsevier, 1978) Bottema, C.; Parks, L.An in vitro assay for Δ¹⁴-sterol reductase from yeast was developed, using ergosta-8,14-dien-3β-ol as the substrate. The kinetics and localization of the enzyme were examined. The inhibition of the enzyme by the antimycotic agent, 15-azasterol, was verified.Item Metadata only Circulating insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and substrates in fetal sheep following restriction of placental growth(BioScientifica, 1994) Owens, J.A.; Kind, K.L.; Carbone, F.; Robinson, J.S.; Owens, P.C.To determine the relationship between placental delivery of oxygen and glucose, circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and fetal growth, the effect of variable restriction of placental growth was determined in sheep in late gestation. Arterial blood was obtained via indwelling catheters at 120 and 127 days of gestation, prior to necropsy at 130 days to measure fetal and placental weights. Plasma was acidified and subjected to size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography at pH 2.8 to dissociate and separate IGFs from their binding proteins. The acid-dissociated IGF fraction was analysed by sensitive and highly specific radioligand assays for IGF-I and IGF-II, previously defined using ovine IGFs. Fetal weight and blood pO2 and glucose at 120 and 127 days of gestation correlated positively with placental weight. Plasma IGF-I was positively associated with fetal weight and fetal liver weight, and with blood pO2 and glucose at both ages. Plasma IGF-II levels also correlated positively with fetal weight, fetal liver weight and with blood glucose and pO2, but only at 127 days of gestation. In the most severely growth-retarded fetal sheep, blood glucose and pO2 and plasma IGF-I were significantly reduced when compared with normal fetuses at 120 days. All decreased further by 127 days of gestation as did plasma IGF-II in severely growth-retarded fetal sheep compared with normal fetuses. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that both IGF-I and IGF-II are chronically regulated by oxygen and nutrition in utero and mediate part of the influence of placental supply of substrate over fetal growth.Item Metadata only Breed differences to the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous and intramuscular lipid of early and late maturing, grain-finished cattle(C S I R O PUBLICATIONS, 1996) Siebert, B.; Deland, M.; Pitchford, W.Fatty acid composition was measured in lipid extracted from adipose tissue and muscle collected at slaughter from 6 groups of crossbred cattle of about 2 years of age, grain-finished in a feedlot. The cattle ranged in biological type from late to early maturing. They were progeny of the following crosses: Charolais x (Simmental.Hereford), Simmental x (Simmental.Hereford), Charolais x (Jersey.Hereford), Hereford x Hereford, Hereford x (Jersey.Hereford), Jersey x Hereford. The fat content of muscle from the leanest late-maturing cross was 5.2% rising to 10.4% in the fattest early-maturing cross. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat between the 6 crosses, but there was in the concentration of some of the fatty acids of intramuscular lipid. The latter was due on one hand to the increased deposition of neutral lipid in early-maturing animals and on the other to a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane phospholipid in late-maturing animals. The proportions of the monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic (C16:l) and oleic (C18:l) were higher in the early-maturing Jersey x Hereford crosses than in straight-bred Herefords or the other crosses, but only in the C16:l values was there a significant difference between breeds. There was also a significant difference between breeds in the sum of monounsaturates and the sum of polyunsaturates in intramuscular fat. The Jersey crosses had the highest level of monounsaturates and the lowest level of polyunsaturates. Intramuscular phospholipid was examined in the 2 breeds that were the most divergent in terms of intramuscular fat content, the Charolais x (Simmental.Hereford) and the Jersey x Hereford. The latter had significantly higher C16:l values and significantly lower C18:2 and polyunsaturate fatty acid values. The experiment demonstrated that breed differences occurred in fatty acid composition of muscle total lipid and phospholipid. The differences are of significance in human health and in identifying maturity breed-types of cattle.Item Metadata only Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum(Elsevier, 1998) McAllister, M.M.; Dubey, J.P.; Lindsay, D.S.; Jolley, W.R.; Wills, R.A.; McGuire, A.M.Abstract not availableItem Metadata only Prevalence of antibodies in New Zealand dairy cattle and dogs(Taylor & Francis, 1998) Reichel, M.P.Item Metadata only Vitamin D doses for alpacas (Lama pacos)(Wiley, 1999) Judson, G.J.; Feakes, A.Objective: To assess the effectiveness of cholecalciferol (D3) doses for maintaining adequate vitamin D status in crias and adult female alpacas at pasture. Design: A field experiment during winter and early spring in a herd on a farm in South Australia. Animals and procedure: Crias, usually less than 6 months of age and female alpacas, aged 2 to 6 years, were given a single subcutaneous dose of 0, 1000 or 2000 IU D3/ kg body weight. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalcif-erol (25-OH D3), phosphorus, calcium and vitamins A and E and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured at intervals over a period of 16 weeks after treatment. Results: Crias not given a vitamin D supplement had reduced growth rate during winter and one animal showed clinical signs of rickets. Vitamin D treatment had no effect on the body weight of mature females. Vitamin D supplements increased the 25-OH D3 and phosphorus concentrations in plasma of both crias and adult females; alkaline phosphatase activity was not affected by treatment. Conclusion: It is suggested that for alpacas in southern Australia a subcutaneous dose of 1000 IU D3/kg body weight to crias in late autumn and again in mid winter and to adult females in mid winter should prevent vitamin D inadequacy.Item Metadata only Does gut function limit hummingbird food intake?(University of Chicago Press, 2000) McWhorter, T.; Martinez del Rio, C.Many nectar-feeding bird species decrease food intake when sugar concentration in food is increased. This feeding response can be explained by two alternative hypotheses: compensatory feeding and physiological constraint. The compensatory feeding hypothesis predicts that if birds vary intake to maintain a constant energy intake to match energy expenditures, then they should increase intake when expenditures are increased. Broad-tailed hummingbirds were presented with sucrose solutions at four concentrations (292, 584, 876, and 1,168 mmol L(-1)) and exposed to two environmental temperatures (10 degrees and 22 degrees C). Birds decreased volumetric food intake in response to sugar concentration. However, when they were exposed to a relatively sudden drop in environmental temperature and, hence, to an acute increase in thermoregulatory energy expenditures, they did not increase their rate of energy consumption and lost mass. These results support the existence of a physiological constraint on feeding intake. A simple chemical reactor model based on intestinal morphology and in vitro measurements of sucrose hydrolysis predicted observed intake rates closely. This model suggests that intestinal sucrose hydrolysis rates were near maximal and, thus, may have imposed limits to sugar assimilation. Although sugar assimilation was high (95%), the proportions of excreted sucrose, glucose, and fructose found in excreta differed significantly. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose were about eight and three times more abundant than sucrose, respectively. Broad-tailed hummingbirds are small high-altitude endotherms that face unpredictable weather and the energetic expense of premigratory fattening. Digestive processes have the potential to impose severe challenges to their energy budgets.Item Metadata only Inhibition of leukotriene function can modulate particulate-induced changes in bone cell differentiation and activity(John Wiley & Sons, 2001) Anderson, Gail Irene; MacQuarrie, Robyn; Osinga, Chris; Chen, Ying Fang; Langman, Maxine; Gilbert, Robert; School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesItem Metadata only Calving rates in a Hereford cow herd following synchronised artificial insemination programs(AAABG DISTRIBUTION SERVICES, 2001) Deland, M.; Ross, R.; Abraham, E.; Pitchford, W.; Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding & Genetics (14th : 2001 : Queenstown, New Zealand); Neville Jopson,Hereford cows were mated to semen (total 2438 doses) from seven sire breeds (Angus, Belgian Blue, Hereford, Jersey, Limousin, South Devon and Wagyu). A total of 97 sires were represented over four matings from 1993-1996 with an overall calving rate of 62%. Only 19% received a repeat dose of semen. Year of mating and cow age significantly affected calving rates and gestation lengths. Sire breed differences were not significant. However, a wide range of success rates were noted for individual sires.Item Metadata only Synovitis subsequent to total-hip arthroplasty with and without hydroxyapatite coatings: A study in dogs(John Wiley & Sons, 2001) Anderson, Gail Irene; Orlando, Kent; Waddell, James P.; School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesItem Metadata only Breed differences and genetic parameters for fat traits of crossbred cattle(AAAGB, 2001) Pitchford, W.; Deland, M.; Siebert, B.; Malau-Aduli, A.; Bottema, C.; Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding & Genetics (14th : 2001 : Queenstown, New Zealand)Sires representing seven diverse breeds were mated to Hereford cows over four years and the progeny slaughtered. Highly marbled Jersey and Wagyu crossbred cattle had softer fat (6% lower melting point) than the other breeds. The Angus crosses marbled like Jersey and Wagyu, but had harder fat similar to the very lean Belgian Blue. Hereford, South Devon and Limousin crosses had harder fat than Angus crosses. The South Devon had similar marbling to the Hereford (moderate), but with much less P8 fat (similar to Limousin). Heritabilities were low (e.g. marbling 18%) to moderate (e.g. carcass weight 36%) for the various carcass traits measured.Item Metadata only Intake responses in nectar feeding birds: digestive and metabolic causes, osmoregulatory consequences, and coevolutionary effects(Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2001) Martinez del Rio, C.; Schondube, J.; McWhorter, T.; Herrera, L.Nectar-feeding vertebrates respond to variation in nectar sugar content by modulating volumetric intake. In some nectar feeding animals, the intake response to sugar concentration can be accurately predicted from simple mathematical models that rely on knowledge of gut morphology, in vitro rates of sugar digestion, and daily energy expenditures. Because most of the floral nectars consumed by vertebrates are dilute, these animals ingest large amounts of water while feeding. The water turnover rates of hummingbirds feeding on dilute nectar are more similar to those of amphibious and aquatic organisms than to those of terrestrial vertebrates. Dilute nectars can pose osmoregulatory challenges for nectarivores. Nectarivorous birds exhibit renal traits that are well suited to dispose of large water loads and that appear inadequate to produce concentrated urine. Nectar-feeding birds prefer concentrated over dilute sugar solutions. However, the concentration difference that they can discriminate is smaller at low than at high concentration. We hypothesize that this pattern is a consequence of the functional form of intake responses that often results in decelerating sugar intakes with increasing sugar concentration. The diminishing returns in floral attractivity that may result from increased nectar concentration may be one of the reasons why the nectars of hummingbird pollinated flowers are dilute in spite of the preference of birds for higher concentrations. The intake responses of nectar-feeding birds capture the integration of a behavioral response with the physiological processes that shape it. Because the behavior of nectar-feeding birds can have consequences for the plants that they visit, the intake response may also have coevolutionary effects.Item Metadata only Adjustment of the measurement of beef carcass eye muscle area for rib site(A.S.A.P. Publications, 2002) Rutley, D.; Deland, M.; Pitchford, W.Item Open Access Effect of dietary protein level, amino acid balance and feeding level on growth, gastrointestinal tract, and mucosal structure of the small intestine in broiler chickens(E D P Sciences, 2002) Swatson, Harry Kofi; Gous, Robert; Iji, Paul Ade; Zarrinkalam, Reza; School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesItem Open Access Intragenic haplotypes at the bovine CSN1S1 locus(Copernicus Publications, 2002) Jann, O.; Prinzenberg, E.M.; Brandt, H.; Williams, J.L.; Ajmone-Marsan, P.; Zaragoza, P.; Özbeyaz, C.; Erhardt, G.A new alternative genotyping method based on PCR-SSCP was developed for direct differentiation of the CSN1S1 alleles B and C in the coding region. In addition a PCR-RFLP test based on a MaeIII restriction site in the promoter region of CSN1S1, reported in the literature as an alternative test for the differentiation of CSN1S1*B and C was used and the alleles named b and c. Genotyping of 649 animals belonging to 17 European and Turkish cattle breeds showed differences in occurrence and frequency of the alleles. CSN1S1*B occurred in all breeds with frequencies varying from 0.50 in Anatolian Blackup to 1.0 in e.g. Ayrshire. CSN1S1*b on the other hand varied from 0.63 in Jersey, 0.97 in Ayrshire to 1.0 in e.g. Angler. Comparison of the results from both typing methods and positions in the gene showed that both mutations do not always occur together. From the resulting four intragenic haplotypes (B-b, B-c, C-c and C-b) B-b is predominant in all breeds with frequencies varying from 0.3450 in Anatolian Black to 1.0 in Angler and Scottish Highland. The number of haplotypes varied from only one in Angler and Scottish Highland, two in Ayrshire, three in Asturian Valley and Turkish Grey Steppe to all four in the other 12 breeds. Correlation between allele frequencies and the geographic origin of the breeds was significant for the MaeIII promoter polymorphism.Item Metadata only Mechanical characterization of a novel cell stimulating system (CSS) to apply dynamic, uniform and isotropic biaxial strains to cells in vitro(Elsevier, 2002) Jahangir, A.; Lee, J. M.; Waldman, S. D.; Anderson, Gail Irene; School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesMechanical loading alters cellular responses. While in vitro mechanical stimulation is a powerful tool for exploration of mechanotransduction, very little has been published documenting techniques for validation of such devices. We have developed an in vitro experimental system that imposes well-defined temporal and spatial strain profiles using a pressure-actuated, tethered diaphragm substrate (Bioflex dishes). More importantly we have accurately characterized the strain and strain rate performance of this system and herein describe that methodology. The prototype CSS deflected cell substrates over cylindrical platens, producing dynamic biaxial strains. Dynamic studies at 1 Hz were conducted at 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 and 13.0 kPa peak transmural pressures for a total of 1000 loading cycles. To study the effects of frequency, experiments were also run at 0.5 and 1.5 Hz at 8 and 13 kPa. A series of 33 dots were placed collinearly in rings on the membrane. Dot motions were monitored via a CCD video camera and acquisition was performed using an 8-bit gray-scale video board and N1H Image software. Strain fields and rates were subsequently calculated using Mathematica software. Results confirmed that the strains were biaxially uniform over the frequencies and pressures examined: e.g., at 9.0 KPa, max radial & circumferential strain = 0.009 +/- 0.001. It was also shown that, as transmural pressure was increased, both membrane strains and strain rates increased; however biaxial strain isotropy was preserved. While we cannot measure out-of-plane deflections, video-based image analysis is a very useful technique for validation of dynamic planar biaxial strains in cell stimulation systems.Item Metadata only In vitro osteoclast resorption of bone substitute biomaterials used for implant site augmentations: A pilot study(Quintessence, 2002) Taylor, James C.; Cuff, Sheldon E.; Leger, James P. L.; Morra, Amani; Anderson, Gail Irene; School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesPurpose: This observational study examined the resorptive behavior of normal neonatal rabbit osteoclasts grown on slices of bovine cortical bone as compared to samples of commercially available bone substitute biomaterials. It also examined the surface characteristics of these materials. Materials and Methods: The 11 materials tested fell into 3 groups: (1) bone-derived, including freeze-dried human rib block, human demineralized freeze-dried bone, and deproteinated bovine bone; (2) synthetic hydroxyapatites (HA); and (3) synthetic non-HA, including coated methacrylates and coated silica glass. After 4 days in culture, 1 group of samples of each material underwent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate resorptive pitting versus controls, while another group underwent tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and light microscopy to examine osteoclast numbers and morphology. The 2 bovine-derived HA materials also underwent immunohistochemical staining and surface chemistry analysis. Results: While most of these materials supported osteoclast attachment, some spreading, and survival in culture, only the bone-derived materials, with the exception of sintered deproteinated bovine bone, showed large scalloped-edged resorption pits with trails and exposed collagen when examined by SEM, although not to the same extent as unprocessed natural bone material. The HA materials and the sintered deproteinated bovine bone showed evidence of etching with smaller pits but no evidence of resorptive trail formation. The non-HA materials showed no evidence of pit formation or trails. Under immunohistochemical staining, Bio-Oss appeared to be positive for type I collagen after osteoclast activity on its surface, while Osteograf/N showed no positive staining. Surface chemistry analysis revealed nitrogen present in Bio-Oss specimens (0.17% to 0.47%), while there was no nitrogen detected in the Osteograf/N (0.00%); the percent nitrogen observed in normal bovine bone controls was 6.01% to 9.25%. Discussion: The bone-derived materials supported osteoclast activity on the material surface in a way that facilitated formation of the more complex resorption pits in vitro. Assuming the rate of pit formation observed in vitro mimics that observed in vivo, the quantity and type of osteoclastic remodeling seen on non-bone-derived materials-and perhaps sintered bone-derived materials-would be extremely slow to negligible. Physiologic removal of non-bone-derived bone substitutes in vivo may occur by methods other than osteoclast resorption. Conclusions: Allogenous and xenogenous bone-derived materials that undergo delayed physiologic resorption may be more appropriately used with a staged surgical approach when used in sites intended to support osseointegrated dental implants. The combination of collagen staining and the presence of nitrogen suggest that there may be residual protein in Bio-Oss.Item Metadata only Are there meat quality differences between cattle breeds in southern Australia?(A.S.A.P. Publications, 2002) Pitchford, W.; Kruk, Z.; Stephens, E.; Speck, P.; Deland, M.The Southern Crossbreeding Project was designed to examine a range of Bos taurus cattle breeds for production and beef quality traits. Jersey, Wagyu, Angus, Hereford, South Devon, Limousin and Belgian Blue sires were mated to Hereford cows with calves born over four years (1994-97). By testing two cohorts (1995-drop steers and 1996-drop heifers) representing 50 sires, it was concluded that there were no breed differences in tenderness or pH but there were differences in juiciness. Breeds high in intramuscular fat (Jersey and Wagyu) and the double-muscled Belgian Blue had less cooking loss than the other breed combinations.Item Metadata only Cytology of haematological cells of otariid seals indigenous to Australasian waters(Australian Veterinary Association, 2002) Clark, P.; Boardman, W.; Duignan, P.Objective: To characterise the morphology of cells from the blood of otariid seals. Methods: Examination of blood by light and scanning electron micrcoscopy. Results: Erythrocytes were typically discocytes. Leukocytes that were recognised included neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The morphology varied little between species for neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Some variation between species was observed for eosinophils and basophils. Platelets were generally aggregated. Conclusion: This study provides a guide for the identification of cells from the blood of otariid seals.Item Metadata only Genome-wide search for markers associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy(Springer-Verlag, 2002) Hernández-Sánchez, J.; Waddington, D.; Wiener, P.; Haley, C.; Williams, J.A genome-wide search for markers associated with BSE incidence was performed by using Transmission-Disequilibrium Tests (TDTs). Significant segregation distortion, i.e., unequal transmission probabilities of alleles within a locus, was found for three marker loci on Chromosomes (Chrs) 5, 10, and 20. Although TDTs are robust to false associations owing to hidden population substructures, it cannot distinguish segregation distortion caused by a true association between a marker and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from a population-wide distortion. An interaction test and a segregation distortion analysis in half-sib controls were used to disentangle these two alternative hypotheses. None of the markers showed any significant interaction between allele transmission rates and disease status, and only the marker on Chr 10 showed a significant segregation distortion in control individuals. Nevertheless, the control group may have been a mixture of resistant and susceptible but unchallenged individuals. When new genotypes were generated in the vicinity of these three markers, evidence for an association with BSE was confirmed for the locus on Chr 5.