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Item Metadata only 1.1 Student selection and the influence of their clinical and academic environment on learning(Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002) Gaengler, P.; de Vries, J.; Akota, I.; Balciuniene, I.; Bertold, P.; Gajewska, M.; Johnsen, D.; Urtâne, I.; Walsh, L.; Zijlstra, A.Student selection and recruitment play a vital role in the successful outcome of dental education. To identify key issues and practices in selection and recruitment, the group assessed current processes, philosophies and practices from a range of different educational systems, although it was not possible to gather data from all countries or continents within the timeframe provided. Furthermore, the group explored the effect of the educational learning environment on the successful outcome of teaching dental students. It is clear that a wide variety of practices and philosophies exist and are used in different parts of the world. Measuring the success of any given process used for student selection remains a challenge. In some parts of the world, certain practices have become an integral part of the tertiary educational system, and have been applied in a similar way by many or all of the dental schools in that country. In other countries, methods vary from one dental school to another, often reflecting differences in the structure and philosophy of the educational system. There was great variation in the combinations of selection criteria used and in student recruitment strategies. However, it was clear that there was much to be gained by learning from the experiences of other dental schools in student selection. Lessons learned, best practices and philosophies used and supporting value systems proved to be very helpful for benchmarking the processes used. In the discussion of student selection, a number of important questions were raised which deserve further thought and reflection both in the ongoing debate and as part of the ever-changing world of dental education. Important new matters that require more debate and research include: a) ethical issues, including the nature of funding from the student perspective, and the concern that in some regions dentistry may become a profession only for the elite or wealthy students. b) Health standards of students entering dental school. c) How realistic is the applicant's sense of dentistry as a profession? d) How accurate is the students' sense of their career opportunities and the employment market upon graduation? Finally, the over-arching question remains, how valid, reliable and predictable are existing selection practices? Will it be practical and meaningful to standardize methods used, or will exchanging ideas as part of this global debate assist the thought process of dental leaders to improve selection practices by learning from the experiences of other schools in different parts of the world? The processes of open debate, sharing ideas and opinions and identifying sound practices across the globe is a powerful catalyst for developing innovative answers to the complex problems posed by student selection and recruitment. A ‘virtual’ global process with wide input from as many dental schools as possible should improve the efficacy of student selection, and allow dental educators to identify the ‘potential’ of prospective students and predict more accurately dental student outcomes. The debate that we have started will certainly contribute to providing a knowledge base which dental educators will be able to draw on when reviewing selection processes in their own schools.Item Metadata only 1st World Congress of the International Academy of Oral Oncology: Oral cancer - A global challenge(Future Drugs Ltd., 2007) Logan, R.Item Metadata only 25-year Analysis of a Dental Undergraduate Research Training Program (BSc Dent) at the University of Manitoba Faculty of Dentistry(Inter Amer Assoc Dental Research, 2008) Scott, J.; de Vries, J.; Lacopino, A.Research in the context of the dental school has traditionally been focused on institutional/faculty accomplishments and generating new knowledge to benefit the profession. Only recently have significant efforts been made to expand the overall research programming into the formal dental curriculum, to provide students with a baseline exposure to the research and critical thinking processes, encourage evidence-based decision-making, and stimulate interest in academic/research careers. Various approaches to curriculum reform and the establishment of multiple levels of student research opportunities are now part of the educational fabric of many dental schools worldwide. Many of the preliminary reports regarding the success and vitality of these programs have used outcomes measures and metrics that emphasize cultural changes within institutions, student research productivity, and student career preferences after graduation. However, there have not been any reports from long-standing programs (a minimum of 25 years of cumulative data) that describe dental school graduates who have had the benefit of research/training experiences during their dental education. The University of Manitoba Faculty of Dentistry initiated a BSc Dent program in 1980 that awarded a formal degree for significant research experiences taking place within the laboratories of the Faculty-based researchers and has continued to develop and expand this program. The success of the program has been demonstrated by the continued and increasing demands for entry, the academic achievements of the graduates, and the numbers of graduates who have completed advanced education/training programs or returned to the Faculty as instructors. Analysis of our long-term data validates many recent hypotheses and short-term observations regarding the benefits of dental student research programs. This information may be useful in the design and implementation of dental student research programs at other dental schools.Item Metadata only 3-Chloro,4-methoxyfendiline is a potent GABAB receptor potentiator in rat neocortical slices(Elsevier Science BV, 2005) Ong, J.; Parker, D.; Marino, V.; Kerr, D.; Puspawati, N.; Prager, R.Using grease-gap recording from rat neocortical slices, the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen elicited reversible and concentration-dependent hyperpolarizing responses (EC50=18+/-2.3 microM). The hyperpolarizations were antagonised by the GABA(B) receptor antagonist Sch 50911 [(+)-(S)-5,5-dimethylmorpholinyl-2-acetic acid). (+)-N-1-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl-3,3-diphenylpropylamine (3-chloro,4-methoxyfendiline; 3-Cl,4-MeO-fendiline) reversibly potentiated baclofen-induced hyperpolarizing responses, which were reduced by Sch 50911, producing leftward shifts of the baclofen concentration-response curves, with a marked increase in the maximal hyperpolarization (EC50=2+/-0.5 microM). In slices preincubated with either [3H]GABA or [3H]glutamic acid, 3-Cl,4-MeO-fendiline (1 microM) potentiated the inhibitory effect of baclofen (2 microM) on the electrically evoked release of [3H]GABA and had a similar effect on the release of [3H]glutamic acid at a concentration of 0.5 microM, without affecting the basal release. These effects were blocked by Sch 50911 (10 microM). Our findings suggest that 3-Cl,4-MeO-fendiline is a potent potentiator of pre- and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptor-mediated functions.Item Open Access A bibliometric analysis of Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology: Fifty years of publications(Wiley, 2024) Nath, S.; Thomson, W.M.; Baker, S.R.; Jamieson, L.M.OBJECTIVES: In celebration of the journal's 50th anniversary, the aim of the study was to review the whole collection of Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology (CDOE) publications from 1973 to 2022 and provide a complete overview of the main publication characteristics. METHODS: The study used bibliometric techniques such as performance and science mapping analysis of 3428 articles extracted from the Scopus database. The data were analysed using the 'Bibliometrix' package in R. The journal's scientific production was examined, along with the yearly citation count, the distribution of publications based on authors, the corresponding author's country and affiliation and citation count, citing source and keywords. Bibliometric network maps were constructed to determine the conceptual, intellectual and social collaborative structure over the past 50 years. The trending research topics and themes were identified. RESULTS: The total number of articles and average citations has increased over the years. D Locker, AJ Spencer, A Sheiham and WM Thomson were the most frequently published authors, and PE Petersen, GD Slade and AI Ismail published papers with the highest citations. The most published countries were the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil and Canada, frequently engaging in collaborative efforts. The most common keywords used were 'dental caries', 'oral epidemiology' and 'oral health'. The trending topics were healthcare and health disparities, social determinants of health, systematic review and health inequalities. Epidemiology, oral health and disparities were highly researched areas. CONCLUSION: This bibliometric study reviews CDOE's significant contribution to dental public health by identifying key research trends, themes, influential authors and collaborations. The findings provide insights into the need to increase publications from developing countries, improve gender diversity in authorship and broaden the scope of research themes.Item Metadata only A C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide test-based protocol for patients on oral bisphosphonates requiring extraction: a prospective single-center controlled study(Elsevier, 2014) Hutcheson, A.; Cheng, A.; Kunchar, R.; Stein, B.; Sambrook, P.; Goss, A.Abstract not availableItem Metadata only A case of bitten bettongs(Macquarie University School of Management, 2002) James, H.; Acharya, A.; Taylor, J.; Freak, M.Australia has a unique collection of native fauna, which is often threatened by physical harm or the destruction of its habitat and conservation of endangered species is a primary concern. Investigation of the recent deaths of Bettongs in Lincoln National Park, South Australia was undertaken by the Forensic Odontology Unit, Adelaide University to determine the likely perpetrator. Feral domestic cats were deemed to be responsible, as indicated by bitemarks on the radiotransmitter collars.Item Metadata only A causative approach to demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting parental ratings of child oral health(SAGE Publications, 2021) Foley, M.A.; Spencer, A.J.; Lalloo, R.; Do, L.G.INTRODUCTION: Many studies have investigated associations between demographic, socioeconomic status (SES), behavioral, and clinical factors and parental ratings of child oral health. Caries experience, pain, missing teeth, malocclusions, and conditions and treatments likely to negatively affect the child or family in the future have been consistently associated with poorer parental ratings. In contrast, effect sizes for associations between demographic and SES indicators (race/ethnicity, country of birth, family structure, household income, employment status, and parental education levels) and parental ratings vary greatly. OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives of this study were to estimate effect sizes for associations between demographic and SES variables and parental ratings of child oral health and then to consider possible causal implications. METHODS: This article uses a nationally representative data set from 24,664 Australian children aged 5 to 14 y, regression analyses guided by a directed acyclic graph causal model, and sensitivity analyses to investigate effects of demographic and SES factors on parental ratings of oral health. RESULTS: One in 8 children had oral health rated as fair or poor by a parent. Indigenous children, older boys, young children with a migrant parent, children from single-parent families, low-income households and families where no parent worked full-time, and children whose parents had lower education levels were much more likely to receive a fair or poor parental oral health rating in crude and adjusted models. CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional study helps to clarify inconsistent findings from previous research and shows many demographic and SES variables to be strong determinants of parental ratings of child oral health, consistent with the effects of these variables on other health outcomes. Sensitivity analyses and consideration of the potential for chance and bias to have affected these findings suggest that many of these associations may be causal. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: Based on regression analyses driven by a directed acyclic graph causal model, this research shows a strong impact of demographic and socioeconomic determinants on parental ratings of child oral health, consistent with associations between these variables and other oral and general health outcomes. Many of these associations may be causal. We demonstrate the value of causal models and causal thinking when analyzing complex multilevel observational data.Item Metadata only A change of heart: the new infective endocarditis prophylaxis guidelines(Australian Dental Assn Inc, 2008) Daly, C.; Currie, B.; Jeyasingham, M.; Moulds, R.; Smith, J.; Strathmore, N.; Street, A.; Goss, A.New Australian guidelines for the prevention of infective endocarditis were published in July 2008. The guidelines were revised by a multidisciplinary group to reflect recent changes in international recommendations regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis. The reasons for the changes are explored in this review and the implications for dental practice are discussed.Item Metadata only A clinician guide to patients afraid of dental injections and numbness(Society for the Advancement of Anaesthesia in Dentistry, 2011) Armfield, J.; Milgrom, P.Fears of dental injections remain a clinical problem often requiring cognitive behavioural psychology counselling and sedation in order to carry out needed dental treatment. This study, based on a national survey in Australia, compared patient concerns about numbness caused by local anaesthesia and fears of the injection itself. It also examined associations between dental fearfulness and avoidance associated with patient selfreported negative experiences and treatment need. Clinical advice on how to approach such patients is offered.Item Metadata only A colourimetric evaluation of the effect of bacterial contamination on teeth stained with blood in vitro: evaluation of the efficacy of two different bleaching regimes(Wiley, 2018) Wang, S.; Cathro, P.; Heithersay, G.; Briggs, N.; Ratnayake, J.; Zilm, P.Tooth discolouration could occur due to bacterial contamination in traumatized teeth. Hydrogen peroxide is the commonly used bleaching agent. However, due to concerns over safety, alternative bleaching regimes such as sodium perborate (S) and thiourea-hydrogen peroxide (T) have been investigated.Apices resected and pulp extirpated 99 premolars were divided into two groups. Group 1 and 2 was injected with blood and blood/bacteria, stored anaerobically for 35 days. The two groups were treated by bleaching with water, S or T. Teeth were rebleached after 7 days. Colourimetric evaluation was assessed using digital imaging, CasMatch standardization and CIE L*a*b colour system preoperatively, 35 days of staining and 7 and 14 of bleaching. A linear mixed model with fixed effects of time, group and bleach was used to examine colour difference.Blood-stained teeth were significantly redder and darker on day 35 compared with blood/bacteria-stained teeth. After bleaching, blood-stained teeth retained significant redness compared with blood/bacteria-stained teeth using either S or T. T produced a significantly whiter shade in both the groups after 14 days.Blood-stained teeth were significantly darker and red compared with blood/bacteria-stained teeth. T bleaching regime was more effective than S.Item Metadata only A comparative diagnostic assessment of anterior tooth and bone status using panoramic and periapical radiography(Australian Society of Orthodontists, 2011) Le, T.; Nassery, K.; Kahler, W.; Heithersay, G.AIMS: The aim of the present study was to compare diagnostic assessments of anterior tooth and bone status in a randomised cohort of pre-orthodontic patients using panoramic and periapical radiographs. METHOD: Four hundred and forty-four cases with matched periapical and panoramic radiographs were examined by three observers. Two were final-year postgraduate endodontic students and the other, a final-year Honours degree dental student. Multirater Kappa values were used to assess the reliability of the observers, with a value of 1 equating to complete agreement. RESULTS: With the exception of endodontic Class 1 and 2 palatal invaginations, reliability exceeded 0.95 for all three observers. An assessment of the graduate endodontic students revealed only a marginal increase in the kappa values. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) determined that developmental anomalies or tooth/bone pathoses were more reliably detected by observers using periapical radiographs compared with panoramic films. This finding has relevance given the likelihood of anterior dental trauma among young children. CONCLUSION: While there have been considerable improvements in the quality of dental panoramic radiography, the present study indicated that a reliable pre-orthodontic or post-trauma diagnostic assessment should include both panoramic and intra-oral radiographs.Item Metadata only A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010(Elsevier, 2012) Lim, S.; Vos, T.; Flaxman, A.; Danaei, G.; Shibuya, K.; Adair-Rohani, H.; AlMazroa, M.; Amann, M.; Anderson, H.; Andrews, K.; Aryee, M.; Atkinson, C.; Bacchus, L.; Bahalim, A.; Balakrishnan, K.; Balmes, J.; Barker-Collo, S.; Baxter, A.; Bell, M.; Blore, J.; et al.Abstract not availableItem Metadata only A comparative study between xerographic, computer-assisted overlay generation and animated-superimposition methods in bite mark analyses(Elsevier, 2016) Tai, M.W.; Chong, Z.F.; Asif, M.K.; Rahmat, R.A.; Nambiar, P.This study was to compare the suitability and precision of xerographic and computer-assisted methods for bite mark investigations. Eleven subjects were asked to bite on their forearm and the bite marks were photographically recorded. Alginate impressions of the subjects’ dentition were taken and their casts were made using dental stone. The overlays generated by xerographic method were obtained by photocopying the subjects’ casts and the incisal edge outlines were then transferred on a transparent sheet. The bite mark images were imported into Adobe Photoshop® software and printed to life-size. The bite mark analyses using xerographically generated overlays were done by comparing an overlay to the corresponding printed bite mark images manually. In computer-assisted method, the subjects’ casts were scanned into Adobe Photoshop®. The bite mark analyses using computer-assisted overlay generation were done by matching an overlay and the corresponding bite mark images digitally using Adobe Photoshop®. Another comparison method was superimposing the cast images with corresponding bite mark images employing the Adobe Photoshop® CS6 and GIF-Animator©. A score with a range of 0–3 was given during analysis to each precision-determining criterion and the score was increased with better matching. The Kruskal Wallis H test showed significant difference between the three sets of data (H = 18.761, p < 0.05). In conclusion, bite mark analysis using the computer-assisted animated-superimposition method was the most accurate, followed by the computer-assisted overlay generation and lastly the xerographic method. The superior precision contributed by digital method is discernible despite the human skin being a poor recording medium of bite marks.Item Metadata only A comparative study of the etiology of adult mandibular fractures in the Sultanate of Oman and South Australia(Saudi Med J, 2008) Al Hashmi, A.; Al-Ismaily, M.; Goss, A.Item Open Access A comparison by milk feeding method of the nutrient intake of a cohort of Australian toddlers(MDPI, 2016) Scott,; Do,; Ha,Breastfeeding is recommended beyond 12 months of age, but little is known about the contribution of breastmilk and infant formula to the nutritional intake of toddlers as they transition to a family diet in the second year of life. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected from a birth cohort study in Adelaide, Australia. Dietary intake data were collected when children were approximately 1 year of age by an interviewer-administered multi-pass 24 h recall and a mother-completed 2 days food diary. Children were categorized according to their milk feeding method, i.e., breastmilk, infant formula, combination or other, and their nutrient intakes compared with recommended nutrient reference values. Complete data were available for 832 children, of which 714 had plausible energy intakes. Breastmilk and formula made a substantial contribution to the nutrient intake of those toddlers, contributing 28% and 34% of total energy, and 16% and 26% of protein intake, respectively when not drunk in combination. In general, Australian toddlers transitioning to the family diet consumed nutritionally adequate diets, although almost one quarter of all children and half of breastfed children with plausible intakes had iron intakes below the estimated average requirement, placing them at risk of iron deficiency.Item Metadata only A comparison of articaine 4% and lignocaine 2% in block and infiltration analgesia in children(Australian Dental Assn Inc, 2012) Arrow, P.BACKGROUND: Articaine administered through buccal infiltration (BI) has been suggested as providing adequate posterior mandibular analgesia. This study compared the efficacy of articaine 4% with 1:100 000 adrenaline (test) and lignocaine 2% with 1:80 000 adrenaline (control), delivered either through an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) or BI for routine restorative procedures in mandibular posterior teeth among children. METHODS: Children enrolled within the Western Australian School Dental Service and in need of restorative care on contralateral mandibular posterior teeth were eligible. Consenting children were randomly allocated to test and control techniques, and to type of local anaesthetic. Using the faces pain scale, pain reports from analgesia administration and from dental treatment were elicited. Analgesia success and pain reports were compared by anaesthetic technique and type. RESULTS: Fifty-seven children were recruited into the study; 29 allocated to IANB. Analgesia success for IANB 100%; BI 67%; p < 0.001. Analgesia success for BI with articaine 71%; lignocaine 64%, p > 0.05. Analgesia success was associated with fewer reports of painful dental treatment, p = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS: There was higher success and less painful treatment with IANB. There was no statistically significant difference in local analgesia success between articaine and lignocaine when delivered via BI.Item Metadata only A comparison of conventional visual and spectrophotometric shade taking by trained and untrained dental students(Blackwell Publishing, 2015) Alshiddi, I.; Richards, L.Background: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of shade selection using a spectrophotometer with a conventional method using a shade guide for ‘trained’ and ‘untrained’ students. Methods: The ‘trained’ group were given a presentation and training exercise on colour science and shade selection and the ‘untrained’ group were not given any information or training. Each student matched the shade of maxillary right central incisor for eight test subjects using both methods. Differences in colour (∆E) and value (∆L) between the natural teeth and the shade determined by each method were calculated for both trained and untrained students. Results: Overall, the spectrophotometric method was more accurate but ‘trained’ students tended to be more accurate in matching shade using the visual method and were significantly better in matching the value visually than when using the spectrophotometer. ‘Untrained’ students matched both the shade and the value more accurately when using the spectro- photometer. Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, matching the shade of natural teeth using a spectrophotometric device is more accurate than a conventional method using a shade guide. However, knowledge and training on colour science and shade selection significantly affected the results.Item Metadata only A comparison of dental changes produced by mandibular advancement splints in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea(Australian Society of Orthodontists, 2010) Ang, H.; Dreyer, C.Background
Mandibular advancement splints (MAS) are a recognised and popular treatment option for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) due to their simplicity, tolerance and non-invasiveness.Objectives
To investigate and compare the dental changes associated with the use of monoblock and duoblock appliances.Methods
Fifty-two pretreatment and follow-up study models of patients from a public hospital and private dental clinic were assessed. Seventeen subjects used a soft elastomeric monoblock appliance (MB), 29 subjects used a hard acrylic duoblock (DB) and six subjects wore a monoblock followed by a duoblock appliance (MB-DB). Measurements of dental and arch changes were obtained and analysed on study models and standardised bitewing radiographs.Results
A statistically significant reduction was observed in the maxillary intercanine distance in all splint categories, with DB users showing the greatest decrease (p < 0.05). The change in the mandibular intercanine distances differed according to splint categories (p < 0.05). MB and MB-DB patients demonstrated a decrease in this measurement variable, whereas an increase was seen in DB users. A statistically significant increase in the mandibular intermolar distance was also observed in all splint categories (p < 0.05), with DB users showing the greatest increase.Conclusions
Both MB and DB appliance systems produced similar, but mild dental effects. No particular appliance can be recommended and the choice of appliance should be considered on a case-by-case basis.Item Metadata only A comparison of three continuous scales used to determine the prevalence of clinically significant dental fear(Blackwell Munksgaard, 2011) Armfield, J.Objective: To assess the level of agreement and concordance of three different dental anxiety and fear scales and determine whether using commensurate cut-points reduces discrepancies in the estimated prevalence of high dental fear. Methods: A representative sample of the Australian adult population completed a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) with additional data obtained on a random sample of 25% of those completing the CATI. Participants completed three measures of dental anxiety and fear: the Dental Anxiety Scale, the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear, and a single-item question. Cut-points were determined to equivalize the range of possible score responses defining a case of high dental fear for each scale. Results: A total of 1084 people completed the CATI and returned a questionnaire (response rate = 71.4%). Prevalence estimates ranged from 7.3% to 28.4% depending upon both the scale and cut-point used. The overall percent agreement between the scales was high, but the overlap between the scales in those people determined to have high dental fear was considerably lower. Using different cut-points to define a case significantly altered the sensitivity and specificity of the scale in predicting dental avoidance, problem-oriented visiting and fear of lack of control. Conclusions: Equivalizing scale cut-points does reduce variation in prevalence estimates of high dental fear across scales, but variation remains because of differences in the nature of, and content covered by, each scale. Dichotomizing scores on continuous scales to obtain prevalence estimates of high dental fear should be appropriately justified, correctly interpreted and supplemented by results describing the distribution of scores.