Institute for International Trade
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Item Metadata only A Handbook on Negotiating Preferential Trade Agreements: Services Liberalization(United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2013) Lacey, S.; Sauvé, P.Item Restricted A two-methodology comparison study of a spatial gravity model in the context of interregional trade flows(Taylor & Francis, 2015) Alamá-Sabater, L.; Márquez-Ramos, L.; Navarro-Azorín, J.; Suárez-Burguet, C.This article argues that the introduction of spatial interactions to model the determinants of origin-destination (OD) flows can potentially result in excessive contiguity. To explain flows between OD regions, it is not only what happens in the origin and destination that is relevant, but also what happens in their neighbouring regions. However, what happens if there is a high degree of overlap between origin neighbouring areas and destination neighbouring areas? The article presents an empirical illustration to reexamine the evidence presented in previous research (Alamá-Sabater et al., 2013) and more closely analyses the territorial level, focusing on the case of interregional trade of goods at the NUTS3 level (Spanish provinces). We then use two different methodologies within the framework of a spatial gravity equation for interregional trade modelling. The findings confirm the importance of spatial dependence on trade flows and in particular that logistics decisions within a province affect shipments from contiguous provinces.Item Metadata only Absorptive capacity and exporting and importing decisions: An application for developing economies(Routledge, 2013) Márquez-Ramos, L.; Mártinez-Zarzoso, I.; Johannsen, F.; Karlsson, C.; Johansson, B.; Stough, R.This chapter is intended to provide empirie al evidenee on the relationship between teehnologieal innovation and international trade using firm-level panel data in Egypt to study the dynamies of the relationship between partieipation in international trade markets and absorptive capacity. in order to do so, we take the teehnologieal innovation proeess as absorptive capacity and eonsider two faeets of teehnologieal innovation: Ereation and absorption. Our results show that both ereative and absorptive capacity has an important effeet on the deeision to trade in developing countries.Item Metadata only Aid for Trade in Lowering Trade Costs: Overcoming Infrastructure and Institutional Constraints. Indonesia(University Pelita Harapan. Center for International Trade and Investment (CITI), 2015) Lacey, S.; Limenta, M.; Chandra, S.This study takes a hard and somewhat sobering look at the state of Indonesia’s physical (hard) and institutional (soft) infrastructure as the country moves into its second year under the presidential leadership of the recently elected Joko Widodo. The study’s focus is predominantly on how well (or poorly) the country is currently positioned to benefit from the positive and welfare enhancing effects of trade and investment liberalization, something that the country implicitly agreed to embrace when ‐ together with over 120 other economies ‐ it became a founding member of the World Trade Organization in 1995. We first examine some critical infrastructure bottlenecks as they affect roads, electricity generation and ports and conclude that, although the country has made some progress in addressing these, there is still much that needs to be done. The next section of the report focuses on the institutional constraints holding back Indonesia’s integration into the world trading system, particularly the glaring shortcomings that affect the judiciary and law enforcement, as well as the legislative and executive branches of government. Our report then turns to an analysis of the prevailing import and export regimes and finds that these are becoming more rather than less restrictive as various actors at different levels of government seek to establish and assert their permit‐issuing powers in a barely concealed effort to generate rents as well as induce shortages that connected parties can benefit from commercially. Finally our report turns to a brief discussion of the need to implement genuine and effective reform, arguing that this is what the Indonesian people voted for when they elected President Widodo, and discusses how the new president has fared in the face of entrenched elites and well‐organized opposing interests. We conclude that policymakers in Indonesia need to take another long hard look at how they ultimately perceive the national economic interest and how trade and investment liberalization frameworks like the WTO, ASEAN and the still ongoing RCEP negotiations can be harnessed to realize the ambitions of the new president and the electorate who voted for him.Item Metadata only Australia(Wolters Kluwer, 2013) Lacey, S.; Bienen, D.; Brink, G.; Ciuriak, D.This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of both the history and current practice of antidumping in Australia. It explains how the Australian antidumping authorities interpret and apply both the substantive and procedurual requirements of an antidumping investigation under Australian implementing legislation of the WTO Agreement on Anti-dumping.Item Open Access Causas y efectos de la integración económica en América Latina(Instituto de Economía y Finanzas perteneciente a la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, 2017) Marquez-Ramos, L.; Recalde, M.El tema central a abordar en este artículo es la medición de las causas y efectos de los acuerdos de integración en Latino América. Se consideran los efectos de la integración en el ALADI y el Mercosur sobre las cadenas de valor o producción en red, sobre las exportaciones de bienes, el grado de profundización y la calidad institucional de estos acuerdos. En este análisis se distingue entre los efectos en el margen intensivo y en el margen extensivo de comercio. Finalmente, se analizan los factores que contribuyen a la creación o profundización de los acuerdos comerciales en Latino América, distinguiendo entre determinantes económicos, geográficos y político-institucionales. = The central issue to be addressed in this article is the measurement of the causes and effects of integration agreements in Latin America. The role of integration of two trade agreements, LAIA and Mercosur, in value chains or production networks, in exports of goods, as well as the degree of depth and institutional quality of these trade agreements are studied. In this analysis, a distinction is made between the intensive margin and the extensive margin of trade. Finally, the factors contributing to creating or strengthening trade agreements in Latin America, by distinguishing between economic, geographic, political and institutional determinants, are analyzed.Item Metadata only Economic growth and foreign workers in ASEAN and Singapore(MIT Press, 2012) Thangavelu, S.Abstract not availableItem Metadata only Efectos de las preferencias comerciales en frutas y hortalizas otorgadas a Marruecos por la UE¿crean o desvían comercio?(Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 2017) Marquez-Ramos, L.; Martinez-Gomez, V,En este trabajo analizamos el efecto que ejercen las preferencias comerciales garantizadas a marruecos para cuatro frutas y hortalizas (tomate, pepino, naranja y mandarina) en las exportaciones mensuales a distintos países de la unión Europea. Aplicamos una ecuación de gravedad que controla la endogeneidad potencial de las preferencias. Se introducen asimismo variables detalladas para representar los distintos tipos de preferencia con variabilidad sectorial y mensual, tanto en precio de entrada como en aranceles, considerando también las limitaciones cuantitativas. Los resultados de nuestras estimaciones indican que las preferencias comerciales incrementan las exportaciones desde marruecos (evidencia a favor de creación de comercio), y que la reducción en el arancel ad valorem conduce a menores exportaciones del resto del mundo a la unión Europea (evidencia a favor de desviación de comercio). Estos resultados podrían tener implicaciones políticas, con vistas a eventuales revisiones del Acuerdo de Asociación. También se hace una contribución metodológica al estudiar si las preferencias comerciales otorgadas a marruecos desvían comercio. En concreto, la variable dependiente de la ecuación de gravedad son las exportaciones del resto del mundo a la UE para cada uno de los productos específicos, mientras que las variables explicativas consideran las preferencias otorgadas a marruecos en estos productos. = This paper analyzes the effect of trade preferences granted to morocco by the European union on monthly exports of four fruits and vegetables: tomatoes, cucumbers, oranges and mandarines. We rely on a gravity framework and we take into account the potential endogeneity of trade preferences. We consider sectoral and monthly variability of the reduced entry price and the preferential tariffs. Quantitative limits for these preferences are also accounted for. our results show that trade preferences are significant in determining positively the trade flows from morocco to the Eu (empirical evidence in line of trade creation); and that preferential tariffs decrease exports from the rest of the world to the European union (empirical evidence in line of trade diversion). These results could have implications in negotiations for eventual revisions of the Euro-mediterranean Agreements. This paper also makes a methodological contribution when studying whether trade preferences divert trade. Specifically, we take into account the exports of the rest of the world of specific products to the Eu as the dependent variable in the gravity equation, while preferences granted to morocco in these products are included in the right-hand-side of the equation.Item Metadata only Enabling growth in the new economy: Industrial policy choices in a world of disruptive technological change(United Nations Economic and Social Commission on Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 2020) Lacey, S.This paper examines recent technological developments and how they could impact efforts by policymakers and political leaders in developing countries to harness trade and investment liberalization to achieve economic development outcomes. It begins by discussing some of the proven elements to moving up the development ladder but then warns that the tried and trusted methods and pathways could be closing in light of new technological developments such as automation and artificial intelligence, the impact of which on labor markets promises to be disruptive in the short to medium term. The paper provides a set of policy prescriptions that governments could and should be contemplating in order to position their economies to benefit from the opportunities of the new economy but also to shelter their workforces from any possible downsides that these new and disruptive technologies may bring with them. Perhaps the most important finding this report has to offer is that the most decisive factor in achieving genuine change and tangible development improvements is political will and the determination to override the resistance to change that will inevitably come from entrenched interests (including political and economic elites) that benefit from the status quo. This is about improving the state of economic governance in countries and can only be achieved by embarking upon serious and results-driven reform. The report discusses some areas of reform that seem particularly important in light of the technological transformations unfolding, namely skills and education, empowering the private sector and embracing digitization. It was written before the global health pandemic and ensuing economic shocks unleashed by COVID-19, but its findings remain relevant and the urgency for implementing its recommendations has increased as a result of the many sudden and drastic changes the global economy has been forced to undergo as a result of this crisis.Item Metadata only FDI liberalisation, free trade agreements and greater regionalism in Asia and ASEAN(Routledge, 2015) Thangavelu, S.; Findlay, C.; Lim, H.; Findlay, C.Item Metadata only FDI, financial constraints and productivity: firm-level study in Vietnam(Routledge, 2013) Thangavelu, S.; Findlay, C.; Chongvilaivan, A.; Thangavelu, S.; Chongvilaivan, A.Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been the key engine of growth for developing countries for the past decades. Developing countries have increasingly relied on FDI as a key engine of output, employment and productivity growth. The underlying rationale for attracting FDI in host countries rests with productivity spillovers associated with FDI, whereby positive externalities generated by multinational activities allow indigenous firms to pick up their productivity. Based on the transaction costs theory of FDI (Caves, 1996), multinational enterprises (MNEs) exploit superior knowledge (e.g. technological and informational advantage, managerial expertise and superior organizational structure) transferred from their foreign parents to compensate for the higher operating costs incurred in the host markets. MNEs are therefore expected to demonstrate higher performance in terms of profitability and productivity than domestically owned firms.Item Metadata only Foreign talent and their impact on the Singapore economy: Impact of foreign workers on economic growth of Singapore economy(World Scientific Publishing Company, 2014) Thangavelu, S.; bin Yahya, F.Item Metadata only Globalization, outsourcing and labour development in ASEAN(Routledge, 2013) Thangavelu, S.; Chongvilaivan, A.The empirical evidence this book reveals provides interesting insights into and implications on labour and industry development.Item Open Access How China challenges the liberal trade order: Coercion, contestation and the socialist market economy(Institute for International Trade, 2022) McDonagh, N.Item Open Access How to frame a bank bailout: Lessons from Ireland during the Global Financial Crisis(Institute of Sociology, Rzeszów University, 2016) McDonagh, N.This paper presents an analysis of framing strategy deployed in public discourse across two leading daily mass news media in the neoliberal economy of Ireland, during the Global Financial Crisis. Framing is a technique for shaping perceptions of an event by discursively constructing it in a particular way so as to highlight some elements but not others. During Ireland's crisis, as elsewhere, financial institutions were framed as 'too big to fail' as a way to present a political choice as an unavoidable necessity, making opposition to the policy appear irrational. However, a successful framing strategy is one which is most applicable to the local conditions to which it refers, in this case Ireland's political economy. This study finds that Irish Government actors strategically favoured a second frame of financial institutions as being of 'systemic importance'. This frame implies the same policy outcome as 'too big to fail' but without referring to the specific criteria of size. It is found that this strategy is driven by local political economic considerations, namely that many politically-connected financial institutions that received bailouts were small. Framing such institutions as 'too big to fail' would have foregrounded this fact, making opposition more likely. Thus, this study highlights that successful framing strategies must adapt to local socio-spatial conditions of applicability.Item Metadata only Human capital, FTAs and foreign direct investment flows into ASEAN(Elsevier, 2014) Thangavelu, S.; Narjoko, D.Abstract not available.Item Open Access Jane Kelsey (2015) The FIRE Economy: New Zealand's Reckoning. Wellington, New Zealand. Bridget Williams Books with the New Zealand Law Society(Queensland Uuniversity of Technology, 2017) McDonagh, N.Not applicableItem Metadata only Labour market integration with the world: case of Singapore(Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, 2017) Thangavelu, S.This study analyses the effects of labour market integration on the domestic economy. We explore the effects of skilled and unskilled foreign labour on the sustainability of a small open economy with innovation and growth. Welfare implications such as Gross Domestic Product growth and wage inequality are explicitly modelled in a general equilibrium framework. The model is applied to a small open economy such as Singapore to derive key policy implications to balance economic growth with skilled workers and innovation activities in the economy. The study critically examines the foreign workers’ policy in the Singaporean economy in terms of allowing both skilled and unskilled workers into the domestic labour market. The results of the model indicate that balancing foreign skilled and unskilled labour, with the development of indigenous innovation capabilities, is crucial to maintain strong, sustainable growth in the domestic economy. The results of the model also indicate that a labour market policy that allows more skilled workers tends to increase the supply of labour and reduce the skilled wage gap in the economy.Item Metadata only Letter to the Editors responding to Gould - Article in Journal issue no. 26(Journal Public Health Policy, 2006) Stoler, Andrew Lynn; Institute for International TradeItem Metadata only Life after Doha: reflections in the run up MC9(Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, 2013) Lacey, S.; Fukunaga, Y.; Riady, J.; Sauvé, P.The Doha Round continues to struggle on with its ultimate fate still largely uncertain. This paper, written as part of a broader initiative by the World Trade Institute (WTI), the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and Universitas Pelita Haparan (UPH) in the run up to the ninth WTO Ministerial Conference on Bali in December 2013, discusses how the multilateral trading system got to the current impasse and offers some preliminary thoughts on decoupling the fate of the WTO from that of what is now a largely moribund round of multilateral trade negotiations. This paper argues that the WTO is still the best organization the world has for tackling a number of increasingly pressing issues, and that despite the quagmire that the Doha Round has become, there still remains a number of important roles for the WTO to assume and to continue playing, not least of which being the ultimate arbiter of what constitutes compliance with international trade rules.
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