Invasive and non-invasive approaches of electrical stimulation to improve physical functioning after spinal cord injury

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dc.contributor.authorDolbow, D.R.
dc.contributor.authorGorgey, A.S.
dc.contributor.authorSutor, T.W.
dc.contributor.authorBochkezanian, V.
dc.contributor.authorMusselman, K.
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractThis review of literature provides the latest evidence involving invasive and non-invasive uses of electrical stimulation therapies that assist in restoring functional abilities and the enhancement of quality of life in those with spinal cord injuries. The review includes neuromuscular electrical stimulation and functional electrical stimulation activities that promote improved body composition changes and increased muscular strength, which have been shown to improve abilities in activities of daily living. Recommendations for optimizing electrical stimulation parameters are also reported. Electrical stimulation is also used to enhance the skills of reaching, grasping, standing, and walking, among other activities of daily living. Additionally, we report on the use of invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation techniques targeting improved mobility, including standing, postural control, and assisted walking. We attempt to summarize the effects of epidural stimulation on cardiovascular performance and provide a mechanistic explanation to the current research findings. Future trends such as the combination of epidural stimulation and exoskeletal-assisted walking are also discussed.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityDavid R. Dolbow, Ashraf S. Gorgey, Tommy W. Sutor, Vanesa Bochkezanian, and Kristin Musselman
dc.identifier.citationJournal of Clinical Medicine, 2021; 10(22):5356-1-5356-20
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/jcm10225356
dc.identifier.issn2077-0383
dc.identifier.issn2077-0383
dc.identifier.orcidBochkezanian, V. [0000-0002-8637-6759]
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2440/146241
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rights© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
dc.source.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10225356
dc.subjectrehabilitation; exercise; neurological; spinal cord injuries; paraplegia; tetraplegia
dc.titleInvasive and non-invasive approaches of electrical stimulation to improve physical functioning after spinal cord injury
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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