D-Amino acids reduce Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro and in the presence of antimicrobials used for root canal treatment

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dc.contributor.authorZilm, P.
dc.contributor.authorButnejski, V.
dc.contributor.authorRossi-Fedele, G.
dc.contributor.authorKidd, S.
dc.contributor.authorEdwards, S.
dc.contributor.authorVasilev, K.
dc.contributor.editorManganelli, R.
dc.date.issued2017
dc.descriptionPublished: February 2, 2017
dc.description.abstractEnterococcus faecalis is the most frequent species present in post-treatment disease and plays a significant role in persistent periapical infections following root canal treatment. Its ability to persist in stressful environments is inter alia, due to its ability to form biofilms. The presence of certain D-amino acids (DAAs) has previously been shown to reduce formation of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. The aims of this investigation were to determine if DAAs disrupt biofilms in early and late growth stages for clinical E. faecalis strains and to test their efficacy in disrupting E. faecalis biofilms grown in sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of commonly used endodontic biocides. From thirty-seven E. faecalis strains, the ten "best" biofilm producers were used to test the ability of a mixture containing D-leucine, D-methionine, D-tyrosine and D-tryptophan to reduce biofilm growth over a period of 24, 72 and 144 hours and when compared to their cognate L-Amino Acids (LAAs). We have previously shown that sub-MIC levels of tetracycline and sodium hypochlorite promotes biofilm growth in clinical strains of E. faecalis. DAAs were therefore tested for their effectiveness to reduce biofilm growth in the presence of sub-minimal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl-0.031%) and Odontocide™ (0.25% w/v), and in the presence of Odontopaste™ (0.25% w/v). DAAs significantly reduced biofilm formation for all strains tested in vitro, while DAAs significantly reduced biofilm formation compared to LAAs. The inhibitory effect of DAAs on biofilm formation was concentration dependent. DAAs were also shown to be effective in reducing E. faecalis biofilms in the presence of Odontopaste™ and sub-MIC levels of NaOCl and Odontocide™. The results suggest that the inclusion of DAAs into current endodontic procedures may reduce E. faecalis biofilms.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityPeter S. Zilm, Victor Butnejski, Giampiero Rossi-Fedele, Stephen P. Kidd, Suzanne Edwards, Krasimir Vasilev
dc.identifier.citationPLoS ONE, 2017; 12(2):e0170670-1-e0170670-14
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0170670
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.orcidZilm, P. [0000-0001-7554-9717]
dc.identifier.orcidRossi-Fedele, G. [0000-0002-8287-1226]
dc.identifier.orcidKidd, S. [0000-0002-2118-1651]
dc.identifier.orcidEdwards, S. [0000-0003-2074-1685]
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2440/105087
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science (PLoS)
dc.rightsCopyright: © 2017 Zilm et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170670
dc.subjectDental Pulp Cavity
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectBiofilms
dc.subjectEnterococcus faecalis
dc.subjectSodium Hypochlorite
dc.subjectLeucine
dc.subjectTryptophan
dc.subjectTyrosine
dc.subjectMethionine
dc.subjectRoot Canal Irrigants
dc.subjectAnti-Bacterial Agents
dc.subjectMicrobial Sensitivity Tests
dc.subjectRoot Canal Therapy
dc.subjectMicrobial Viability
dc.titleD-Amino acids reduce Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro and in the presence of antimicrobials used for root canal treatment
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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