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Item Open Access Variation observed in consensus judgements between pairs of reviewers when assessing the risk of bias due to missing evidence in a sample of published meta-analyses of nutrition research(Elsevier BV, 2023) Kanukula, R.; McKenzie, J.E.; Cashin, A.G.; Korevaar, E.; McDonald, S.; Mello, A.T.; Nguyen, P.-Y.; Saldanha, I.J.; Wewege, M.A.; Page, M.J.Objectives: To evaluate the risk of bias due to missing evidence in a sample of published meta-analyses of nutrition research using the Risk Of Bias due to Missing Evidence (ROB-ME) tool and determine inter-rater agreement in assessments. Study Design and Setting: We assembled a random sample of 42 meta-analyses of nutrition research. Eight assessors were randomly assigned to one of four pairs. Each pair assessed 21 randomly assigned meta-analyses, and each meta-analysis was assessed by two pairs. We calculated raw percentage agreement and chance corrected agreement using Gwet’s Agreement Coefficient (AC) in consensus judgments between pairs. Results: Across the eight signaling questions in the ROB-ME tool, raw percentage agreement ranged from 52% to 100%, and Gwet’s AC ranged from 0.39 to 0.76. For the risk-of-bias judgment, the raw percentage agreement was 76% (95% confidence interval 60% to 92%) and Gwet’s AC was 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.14 to 0.80). In seven (17%) meta-analyses, either one or both pairs judged the risk of bias due to missing evidence as ‘‘low risk’’. Conclusion: Our findings indicated substantial variation in assessments in consensus judgments between pairs for the signaling questions and overall risk-of-bias judgments. More tutorials and training are needed to help researchers apply the ROB-ME tool more consistently.Item Metadata only Rapid reviews and the methodological rigor of evidence synthesis: a JBI position statement(Wolters Kluwer, 2022) Tricco, A.C.; Khalil, H.; Holly, C.; Feyissa, G.; Godfrey, C.; Evans, C.; Sawchuck, D.; Sudhakar, M.; Asahngwa, C.; Stannard, D.; Abdulahi, M.; Bonnano, L.; Aromataris, E.; McInerney, P.; Wilson, R.; Pang, D.; Wang, Z.; Cardoso, A.F.; Peters, M.D.J.; Marnie, C.; et al.The demand for rapid reviews has exploded in recent years. A rapid review is an approach to evidence synthesis that provides timely information to decision-makers (eg, health care planners, providers, policymakers, and patients) by simplifying the evidence synthesis process. A rapid review is particularly appealing for urgent decisions. JBI is a world-renowned international collaboration for evidence synthesis and implementation methodologies. The principles for JBI evidence synthesis include comprehensiveness, rigor, transparency, and a focus on applicability to clinical practice. As such, JBI has not yet endorsed a specific approach for rapid reviews. In this paper, we compare rapid reviews versus other types of evidence synthesis, provide a range of rapid evidence products, outline how to appraise the quality of rapid reviews, and present the JBI position on rapid reviews. JBI-affiliated Centers conduct rapid reviews for decision-makers in specific circumstances, such as limited time or funding constraints. A standardized approach is not used for these cases; instead, the evidence synthesis methods are tailored to the needs of the decision-maker. The urgent need to deliver timely evidence to decision-makers poses challenges to JBI's mission to produce high quality, trustworthy evidence. However, JBI recognizes the value of rapid reviews as part of the evidence synthesis ecosystem. As such, it is recommended that rapid reviews be conducted with the same methodological rigor and transparency expected of JBI reviews. Most importantly, transparency is essential, and the rapid review should clearly report where any simplification in the steps of the evidence synthesis process have been taken.Item Metadata only Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Pollock, D.; Peters, M.D.J.; Khalil, H.; McInerney, P.; Alexander, L.; Tricco, A.C.; Evans, C.; de Moraes, É.B.; Godfrey, C.M.; Pieper, D.; Saran, A.; Stern, C.; Munn, Z.Scoping reviewers often face challenges in the extraction, analysis, and presentation of scoping review results. Using best-practice examples and drawing on the expertise of the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group and an editor of a journal that publishes scoping reviews, this paper expands on existing JBI scoping review guidance. The aim of this article is to clarify the process of extracting data from different sources of evidence; discuss what data should be extracted (and what should not); outline how to analyze extracted data, including an explanation of basic qualitative content analysis; and offer suggestions for the presentation of results in scoping reviews.Item Metadata only Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process.(Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2022) Barker, T.H.; Stone, J.C.; Sears, K.; Klugar, M.; Leonardi-Bee, J.; Tufanaru, C.; Aromataris, E.; Munn, Z.JBI offers a suite of critical appraisal instruments that are freely available to systematic reviewers and researchers investigating the methodological limitations of primary research studies. The JBI instruments are designed to be study-specific and are presented as questions in a checklist. The JBI instruments have existed in a checklist-style format for approximately 20 years; however, as the field of research synthesis expands, many of the tools offered by JBI have become outdated. The JBI critical appraisal tools for quantitative studies (eg, randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies) must be updated to reflect the current methodologies in this field. Cognizant of this and the recent developments in risk-of-bias science, the JBI Effectiveness Methodology Group was tasked with updating the current quantitative critical appraisal instruments. This paper details the methods and rationale that the JBI Effectiveness Methodology Group followed when updating the JBI critical appraisal instruments for quantitative study designs. We detail the key changes made to the tools and highlight how these changes reflect current methodological developments in this field.Item Open Access The Last Mile-Community Engagement and Conditional Incentives to Accelerate Polio Eradication in Pakistan: Study Protocol for a Quasi-Experimental Trial(MDPI AG, 2023) Das, J.K.; Khan, A.; Tabassum, F.; Padhani, Z.A.; Habib, A.; Mirani, M.; Rahman, A.R.; Khan, Z.A.; Rizvi, A.; Ahmed, I.; Bhutta, Z.Poliomyelitis is a condition of great concern and is endemic in only two countries of the world: Pakistan and Afghanistan. Community mobilization plays a vital role in raising awareness and can help reduce polio vaccine refusals. The objective of this study will be to decrease polio vaccine refusals and zero-dose vaccines by motivating behavior change through the provision of conditional-collective-community-based incentives (C3Is) based on a reduction in polio vaccine refusals. The project will adopt a pretest/post-test quasi-experimental design with two intervention high-risk union councils (HRUCs) and two control union councils (UCs) of peri-urban (Karachi) and rural (Bannu) settings in Pakistan. A participatory community engagement and demand creation strategy with trust-building community mobilization with C3Is, to reduce vaccine refusals and improve polio immunization coverage in two HRUCs, will be used. These UCs will be divided into clusters based on the polio program framework and community groups will be formed in each cluster. These community groups will carry out awareness activities and will be given serial targets to reduce vaccine refusals and those who qualify will be provided C3Is. The project intends to create a replicable model that the government can integrate within health systems for long-term sustainability until the goal of eradication of poliovirus is achieved. The evaluation will be carried out by an independent data collection and analysis team at baseline and endline (after 12 months of intervention). The trial is registered with linicalTrials.gov with number NCT05721274.Item Metadata only Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2022) Peters, M.D.J.; Godfrey, C.; McInerney, P.; Khalil, H.; Larsen, P.; Marnie, C.; Pollock, D.; Tricco, A.C.; Munn, Z.Objective: The purpose of this article is to clearly describe how to develop a robust and detailed scoping review protocol, which is the first stage of the scoping review process. This paper provides detailed guidance and a checklist for prospective authors to ensure that their protocols adequately inform both the conduct of the ensuing review and their readership. Introduction: Scoping reviews are a common approach to evidence synthesis for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers across a variety of fields. Scoping reviews are not concerned with making analytical comparisons based on pooling results data from multiple primary sources of evidence, but rather on collating and describing the evidence and presenting the summation in a clearly illustrated format. Methods for undertaking and reporting scoping reviews continue to be refined. Some prospective reviewers may be uncertain how to plan, structure, and report scoping review protocols, as there is little or no specific guidance for scoping review protocols yet available. Methods: This guidance was developed by members of the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group based on previous experience and expertise in developing scoping review and evidence synthesis methodologies, protocols, and reviews, as well as through experiences working with and guiding authors to develop scoping review protocols. Elements of a comprehensive scoping review protocol are outlined and explained in detail. Conclusion: Knowledge users of evidence syntheses rely on clear and transparent reporting to understand and use the results of published work to drive evidence-based improvements within health care and beyond. It is hoped that readers will be able to use this guidance when developing protocols to assist them in planning future scoping reviews and to carry them out with a high degree of transparency.Item Metadata only Average treatment effect of maternal prenatal tobacco smoking on offspring developmental vulnerability in early childhood(Elsevier, 2023) Duko, B.; Gebremedhin, A.T.; Tessema, G.A.; Alati, R.; Pereira, G.Abstract not availableItem Metadata only Assessing the risk of bias of quantitative analytical studies: introducing the vision for critical appraisal within JBI systematic reviews(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2023) Munn, Z.; Stone, J.; Aromataris, E.; Klugar, M.; Sears, K.; Leonardi-Bee, J.; Barker, T.H.A key step in the systematic review process is the assessment of the methodological quality (or risk of bias) of the included studies. At JBI, we have developed several tools to assist with this evaluation. As evidence synthesis methods continue to evolve, it has been necessary to revise and reflect on JBI's current approach to critical appraisal and to plan a strategy for the future. In this first paper of a series focusing on risk of bias assessment, we introduce our vision for risk of bias assessment for JBI. In future papers in this series, the methodological approach taken for this revision process will be discussed, along with the revised tools and guidance for using these tools.Item Metadata only The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials(Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2023) Barker, T.H.; Stone, J.C.; Sears, K.; Klugar, M.; Tufanaru, C.; Leonardi-Bee, J.; Aromataris, E.; Munn, Z.JBI recently began the process of updating and revising its suite of critical appraisal tools to ensure that these tools remain compatible with recent developments within risk of bias science. Following a rigorous development process led by the JBI Effectiveness Methodology Group, this paper presents the revised critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. This paper also presents practical guidance on how the questions of this tool are to be interpreted and applied by systematic reviewers, while providing topical examples. We also discuss the major changes made to this tool compared to the previous version and justification for why these changes facilitate best-practice methodologies in this field.Item Open Access Applying Crime Prevention and Health Promotion Frameworks to the Problem of High Incarceration Rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Populations: Lessons from a Case Study from Victoria(University of Western Ontario, 2021) Battams, S.; Delany-Crowe, T.; Fisher, M.; Wright, L.; Krieg, A.; McDermott, D.; Baum, F.This article examines what kinds of policy reforms are required to reduce incarceration rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through a case study of policy in the Australian state of Victoria. This state provides a good example of a jurisdiction with policies focused upon, and developed in partnership with, Aboriginal communities in Victoria, but which despite this has steadily increasing incarceration rates of Indigenous people. The case study consisted of a qualitative analysis of two key justice sector policies focused upon the Indigenous community in Victoria and interviews with key justice sector staff. Case study results are analysed in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary crime prevention; the social determinants of Indigenous health; and recommended actions from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Finally, recommendations are made for future justice sector policies and approaches that may help to reduce the high levels of incarceration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.Item Metadata only A scoping review of the economics of multidisciplinary teams in oncology care(Elsevier, 2020) Edney, L.C.; Gray, J.; Karnon, J.Background: Multidisciplinary Teams (MDTs) are widely used in oncology care, but their cost-effectiveness has not been established. Evidence suggests they are an expensive service to provide and that their effectiveness varies by attendee and patient mix, meeting format, cancer type, stage of disease and specific hospital setting. The aim of this scoping review is to summarise the current literature on resource use and costs of MDTs in oncology care. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) were searched for papers reporting on MDT costs in the treatment of patients with cancer. Results: Database and manual searching identified 2 878 unique potential papers, 2 810 were excluded based on title and abstract screening, and a further 53 were excluded based on full-text review for a final 15 papers for inclusion. Reported costs and resource use required to support an MDT varied considerably across the included studies. No papers reported on the full costs of including MDT discussion as part of patient care and limited detail was provided on MDT configurations and the methodologies employed to calculate costs and resource use. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that specific MDT configurations may likely represent cost-effective care for specific patients in certain contexts, we therefore recommend future investigations into the costs and/or effects of MDTs consider comparisons between different MDT configurations and patient prioritisation processes rather than comparisons between MDT versus no MDT.Item Open Access Why are Indigenous Affairs Policies Framed in ways that Undermine Indigenous Health and Equity? Examining Australia’s Northern Territory Emergency Response(University of Western Ontario, Western Libraries, 2022) Freeman, T.; Townsend, B.; Mackean, T.; Musolino, C.; Friel, S.; McDermott, D.; Baum, F.The 2007 Australian Northern Territory Emergency Response policy was harmful to the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. We thematically analysed 72 speech acts and reports from the three prominent perspectives: a Northern Territory government inquiry report, the Federal government, and an Aboriginal civil society coalition to examine how framings during the policy agenda setting phase constrained or supported scope for equitable health outcomes. The report authors and the coalition emphasised colonisation and other social determinants of Indigenous health. The Federal government used a discourse of pathology and white sovereignty. Our findings highlighted the need for Indigenous voice in policy making, and the need to address colonial assumptions underpinning policy framings to achieve Indigenous health equity.Item Metadata only Workers’ health and safety in the heat: current practice in Australian workplaces(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2020) Williams, S.; Varghese, B.M.; Hansen, A.L.; Hanson-Easey, S.A.; Bi, P.; Pisaniello, D.L.Working in high temperatures without adequate precautions can have serious health and safety consequences, but effective policies and practices can minimize the hazards. The risks are multifactorial and related to the work, workplace, and individual worker. To better understand current practices in Australian workplaces, we surveyed workers (n ¼ 387) about their experiences in hot conditions and suggestions to minimize risks of illness or injury. These were compared to suggestions from work health and safety representatives (n ¼ 81) and professionals (n ¼ 147). We used open-ended survey questions and analyzed responses using a qualitative content analysis. Many workers reported adverse health experiences from the heat, ranging from mild to severe. Common suggestions to protect health and safety during hot weather were: improved basic protections (including shade, rest breaks), heat-appropriate personal protective equipment, better work planning, and greater management awareness and support. A broader understanding of workers’ and stakeholders’ perspectives could lead to better hot weather policies for Australian workplaces.Item Open Access Assessing the Impact and Cost of Short-Term Health Workforce in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia: A Mixed Methods Study Protocol(JMIR Publications, 2016) Wakerman, J.; Humphreys, J.; Bourke, L.; Dunbar, T.; Jones, M.; Carey, T.A.; Guthridge, S.; Russell, D.; Lyle, D.; Zhao, Y.; Murakami-Gold, L.Background: Remote Australia is a complex environment characterized by workforce shortages, isolated practice, a large resident Indigenous population, high levels of health need, and limited access to services. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend of utilizing a short-term visiting (fly-in/fly-out) health workforce in many remote areas. However, there is a dearth of evidence relating to the impact of this transitory workforce on the existing resident workforce, consumer satisfaction, and the effectiveness of current services. Objective: This study aims to provide rigorous empirical data by addressing the following objectives: (1) to identify the impact of short-term health staff on the workload, professional satisfaction, and retention of resident health teams in remote areas; (2) to identify the impact of short-term health staff on the quality, safety, and continuity of patient care; and (3) to identify the impact of short-term health staff on service cost and effectiveness. Methods: Mixed methods will be used. Administrative data will be extracted that relates to all 54 remote clinics managed by the Northern Territory Department of Health, covering a population of 35,800. The study period will be 2010 to 2014. All 18 Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services in the Northern Territory will also be invited to participate. We will use these quantitative data to describe staffing stability and turnover in these communities, and then utilize multiple regression analyses to determine associations between the key independent variables of interest (resident staff turnover, stability or median survival, and socioeconomic status, community size, and per capita funding) and dependent variables related to patient care, service cost, quality, and effectiveness. The qualitative component of the study will involve in-depth interviews and focus groups with staff and patients, respectively, in six remote communities. Three communities will be high staff turnover communities and three characterized by low turnover. This will provide information on service quality, impact on resident and visiting staff, and patient satisfaction with the services. The research team will work with staff, patients, and a key stakeholder group of senior policymakers to develop workforce strategies to maintain or attain remote health workforce stability. Results: The study commenced in 2015. As of October 2016, fieldwork has been almost completed and quantitative analysis has commenced. Results are expected to be published in 2017. Conclusions: The study has commenced, but it is too early to provide results or conclusions.Item Open Access "Chemobrain" in childhood cancer survivors - the impact on social, academic, and daily living skills: a qualitative systematic review(Springer, 2023) Semendric, I.; Pollock, D.; Haller, O.; George, R.; Collins-Praino, L.; Whittaker, A.Purpose: To examine children’s experiences of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment––colloquially “chemobrain”–– and the impact on children’s social, academic, and daily living skills via a qualitative systematic review. Experiencing chemotherapy as a child, when the brain is still developing, may cause lifelong detriment to survivors’ lives. There is a significant gap in understanding their lived experience, including the self-identified barriers that children face following treatment. Such a gap can only be fully bridged by listening to the child’s own voice and/or parent proxy report through an exploration of the qualitative research literature. Methods: A search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were qualitative studies with a focus on children (0–18 years) during and/or following chemotherapy treatment and explored children’s experiences of chemobrain. Results: Two synthesized findings were identified from six studies. (1) Chemobrain has an academic and psychosocial impact, which may not be understood by education providers. (2) Children and their parents have concerns about their reintegration and adaptation to school, social lives, and their future selves as independent members of society. Children’s experiences primarily related to changes in their academic and social functioning. Conclusion: This review highlights two important considerations: (1) the lived experiences of pediatric childhood cancer survivors guiding where future interventions should be targeted, and (2) a need to perform more qualitative research studies in this area, as well as to improve the quality of reporting among the existing literature, given that this is a current gap in the field.Item Metadata only Prohibition of engineered stone: Literature review and gap analysis(Safe Work Australia, 2023) Ramkissoon, C.; Tefera, Y.; Gaskin, S.; Pisaniello, D.; Safe Work Australia; Glass, D.Item Metadata only Evaluation of on-tool dust control measures for processing engineered stone(AIOH, 2023) Gaskin, S.; Thredgold, L.; Ramkissoon, C.; Annual Conference and Scientific Exhibition of the Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) (3 Dec 2022 - 7 Dec 2022 : Brisbane, Australia)The use of engineered stone materials for benchtops in domestic and commercial premises has increased in the last 10 -15 years. Natural stone products such as granite may contain up to 40% crystalline silica (as quartz), but the new engineered or artificial stone products often contain >90% w/w quartz bonded with resin. The proportionally higher quartz content is likely to have increased exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust for workers fabricating the benchtops by cutting, grinding, drilling or polishing. This is particularly concerning where much of the industry is small scale and has not increased dust controls proportionally with silica exposure risk. The new and prima facie evidence of accelerated silicosis cases amongst engineered stone workers suggests that it is more than just a higher proportion of crystalline silica in the bulk material (Phillips et al., 2013; Zwack et al., 2016). The quartz in benchtop slabs is bound by polymer resins often polyester based (usually also containing some pigment and titanium dioxide or iron oxides), and adhesives used to join slabs are acrylic-based and may include methyl methacrylate. Intense and/or prolonged inhalation of fine dust can lead to irreversible lung disease, and research (Vacek et al., 2011; Kirby, 2019; Leso et al., 2019; Ronsmans et al., 2019) has shown this to be an issue of concern for industry and regulators. In Australia, cases of lung disease in engineered stone fabricators have been reported by respiratory specialists (Hoy et al., 2018; Hoy & Yates, 2018). The condition is occurring in relatively young workers, following a shorter exposure time and a shorter latency period than expected in industries associated with silica dust such as mining. Dust control measures in the engineered stone industry can include water assisted dust suppression, on-tool dust extraction, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and combinations thereof. A summary of available literature on exposure control measures evaluated in engineered stone and related industry settings, is presented in Table 4. Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV), particularly on-tool LEV, has been shown to be effective in respirable dust control in concrete grinding and polishing (Croteau et al., 2004; Akbar-Khanzadeh et al., 2010; Healy et al., 2014), but the effectiveness of LEV in engineered stone benchtop fabrication (with or without wet methods) is largely uncharacterised. Furthermore, there is currently no consensus on ‘best practice’ for effective wet methods for dust control or local exhaust ventilation to allow for the capture of dust at the source. This study sought to address this current knowledge gap by evaluating commercially available tools and dust control measures for the processing of engineered stone materials using hand-held tools.Item Metadata only Communicating about heatwaves: Risk perception, message fatigue, and threat normalisation(South Australian State Government and the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs, 2019) Hanson-Easey, S.A.; Hansen, A.; Williams, S.; Bi, P.; Natural Disaster Resilience ProgramAbstract not availableItem Open Access A Research Translation, Implementation and Impact Strategy for the Australian Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) Research Network(MDPI AG, 2023) Lyne, K.; Williams, C.; Vardoulakis, S.; Matthews, V.; Farrant, B.; Butt, A.; Walker, I.; Chu, C.; Dennekamp, M.; Espinoza Oyarce, D.A.; Ivers, R.; Jalaludin, B.; Jones, P.J.; Martin, K.; Rychetnik, L.Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) is the Australian national research network established to support improvements to health, the Australian health system, and the environment in response to the unfolding climate crisis. The HEAL Network comprises researchers, community members and organisations, policymakers, practitioners, service providers, and other stakeholders from diverse backgrounds and sectors. HEAL seeks to protect and improve public health, reduce health inequities and inequalities, and strengthen health system sustainability and resilience in the face of environmental and climate change, all with a commitment to building on the strengths, knowledge, wisdom, and experience of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, culture, and communities. Supporting applied research that can inform policy and practice, and effective research translation, implementation, and impact are important goals across the HEAL Network and essential to achieve its intended outcomes. To aid translation approaches, a research translation, implementation, and impact strategy for the HEAL Network was developed. The strategy has been created to inform and guide research translation across HEAL, emphasising communication, trust, partnerships, and co-design with communities and community organisations as well as the decision-makers responsible for public policies and programs. Development of the strategy was guided by research translation theory and practice and the Health in All Policies and Environment in All Policies frameworks. As described in this paper, the strategy is underpinned by a set of principles and outlines preliminary actions which will be further expanded over the course of the HEAL Network's activities. Through these actions, the HEAL Network is well-positioned to ensure successful research translation and implementation across its program of work.Item Open Access Development and validation of an individual-based state-transition model for the prediction of frailty and frailty-related events(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2023) Pincombe, A.; Afzali, H.H.A.; Visvanathan, R.; Karnon, J.; Pérez-Zepeda, M.U.Frailty is a biological syndrome that is associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality. To assess the value of interventions to prevent or manage frailty, all important impacts on costs and outcomes should be estimated. The aim of this study is to describe the development and validation of an individual-based state transition model that predicts the incidence and progression of frailty and frailty-related events over the remaining lifetime of older Australians. An individual-based state transition simulation model comprising integrated sub models that represent the occurrence of seven events (mortality, hip fracture, falls, admission to hospital, delirium, physical disability, and transitioning to residential care) was developed. The initial parameterisation used data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The model was then calibrated for an Australian population using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The simulation model established internal validity with respect to predicting outcomes at 24 months for the SHARE population. Calibration was required to predict longer terms outcomes at 48 months in the SHARE and HILDA data. Using probabilistic calibration methods, over 1,000 sampled sets of input parameter met the convergence criteria across six external calibration targets. The developed model provides a tool for predicting frailty and frailty-related events in a representative community dwelling Australian population aged over 65 years and provides the basis for economic evaluation of frailty-focussed interventions. Calibration to outcomes observed over an extended time horizon would improve model validity.