A Review on C3I Systems' Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures

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dc.contributor.authorAhmad, H.
dc.contributor.authorDharmadasa, I.
dc.contributor.authorUllah, F.
dc.contributor.authorBabar, M.A.
dc.date.issued2023
dc.descriptionPublished: 16 January 2023
dc.description.abstractCommand, Control, Communication, and Intelligence (C3I) systems are increasingly used in critical civil and military domains for achieving information superiority, operational efficacy, and greater situational awareness. The critical civil and military domains include, but are not limited to, battlefield, healthcare, transportation, and rescue missions. Given the sensitive nature and modernization of tactical domains, the security of C3I systems has recently become a critical concern. This is because cyber-attacks on C3I systems have catastrophic consequences including loss of human lives. Despite the increasing number of cyber-attacks on C3I systems and growing concerns about C3I systems’ security, there is a paucity of a comprehensive review to systematize the body of knowledge on the security of C3I systems. Therefore, in this article, we have gathered, analyzed, and synthesized the body of knowledge on the security of C3I systems. We have identified and reported security vulnerabilities, attack vectors, and countermeasures/defenses for C3I systems. In particular, this article has enabled us to (i) propose a taxonomy for security vulnerabilities, attack vectors, and countermeasures; (ii) interrelate attack vectors with security vulnerabilities and countermeasures; and (iii) propose future research directions for advancing the state-of-the-art on the security of C3I systems. We believe that our findings will serve as a guideline for practitioners and researchers to advance the state-of-the-practice and state-of-the-art on the security of C3I systems.
dc.description.statementofresponsibilityHussain Ahmad, Isuru Dharmadasa, Faheem Ullah, Muhammad Ali Babar
dc.identifier.citationACM Computing Surveys, 2023; 55(9):192-1-192-38
dc.identifier.doi10.1145/3558001
dc.identifier.issn0360-0300
dc.identifier.issn1557-7341
dc.identifier.orcidAhmad, H. [0000-0001-8815-7587]
dc.identifier.orcidBabar, M.A. [0000-0001-9696-3626]
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/2440/141980
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherAssociation for Computing Machinery (ACM)
dc.rights© 2023 ACM, Inc.
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.1145/3558001
dc.titleA Review on C3I Systems' Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.publication-statusPublished

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