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Item Metadata only Corrosion sensing of aluminium alloys using exposed-core microstructured optical fibres(Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia, 2008) Warren-Smith, S.C.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Afshar, S.V.; Monro, T.M.; McAdam, G.; Davis, C.We report on recent work towards the development of a novel method for sensing the corrosion of aluminium alloys. This method involves measuring the presence of aluminium ions, a by-product of corrosion, using a new class of exposed-core microstructured optical fibres (MOFs) via fluorescence-based methods. This work builds on previous research where conventional optical fibres were utilised specifically for aluminium ion detection via the ultraviolet excitation of 8-hydroxyquinoline, an organic molecule that fluoresces when complexed with aluminium ions. Here we present modelling results and report on the initial fabrication of a new class of MOF which has a micron-scaled core that is partially exposed allowing for a direct interaction between the evanescent field and the sensing environment. Modelling results demonstrate that such fibres can provide both a strong interaction between the guided light and the material to be sensed, as well as efficient capture of the emitted fluorescence into the guided modes of the fibre. These optical fibres are fabricated from a soft-glass (lead-silicate) and thus preform fabrication can be achieved via extrusion. This allows complex structures to be fabricated, such as the large holes and micron-scaled core of the fibre design considered here. In this work we focus on using the organic dye lumogallion for fluorescence-based aluminium ion detection and show initial experimental results demonstrating proof-of-concept.Item Metadata only A high efficiency low threshold erbium-doped holey optical fiber laser(IEEE, 2003) Furusawa, K.; Sahu, J.; Monro, T.; Richardson, D.; Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/QELS) (2003 : Baltimore, USA)We report the first continuous wave operation of an erbium doped holey fiber laser with a slope efficiency as high as 57.3%, and with an absorbed pump power threshold as low as 0.55mW.Item Metadata only 24 channels x 10 GHz multiwavelength pulse source based on supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear holey fiber(IEEE, 2003) Yusoff, Z.; Teh, P.; Petropoulos, P.; Furusawa, K.; Belardi, W.; Monro, T.; Richardson, D.; Optical Fiber Communications Conference (2003 : Atlanta, USA)We demonstrate a multiwavelength pulse source which utilizes supercontinuum generated in a normally dispersive holey fiber and spectral slicing in an arrayed waveguide grating. All channels exhibit almost constant pulse width and excellent noise properties, as verified by bit-error-rate measurements.Item Metadata only Holey fibre based nonlinear optical devices for telecommunications(IEEE, 2003) Lee, J.; Belardi, W.; Monro, T.; Richardson, D.; Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (24th : 2003 : Baltimore, Md.)The wavelength-scale features in holey fibers lead to novel properties including endlessly single-mode guidance, high optical nonlinearity. The state-of-the-art HF technology for nonlinear optical signal processing devices is reviewed from a viewpoint of possible applications for telecommunications.Item Metadata only Emerging nonlinear optical fibers: fabrication and access to new properties(IEEE, 2009) Monro, T.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Zhang, W.; Afshar Vahid, S.; IEEE/LEOS Winter Topicals Meeting (2nd : 2009 : Innsbruck, Austria)We review the properties and limitations of conventional and emerging nonlinear fibers. We describe advances in soft glass microstructured fibers, including fabrication, the demonstration of extreme nonlinearity and a generalisation of the underpinning nonlinear theory.Item Metadata only Correlation between the Brillouin and the structural parameters in holey optical fibers(IEEE, 2004) Furusawa, K.; Yusoff, Z.; Thomsen, B.; Monro, T.; Richardson, D.; CLEO/ IQEC 2004 (2004 : San Francisco, USA)We measure the correlation between the Brillouin characteristics and structural parameters of a holey fiber (HF). Our observations point to a means to perform high resolution non-destructive structural characterization along lengths of HF.Item Metadata only Fluoride glass microstructured optical fibre with large mode area and mid-infrared transmission(IEEE, 2008) Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Foo, H.; Moore, R.; Li, Y.; Zhang, W.; Monro, T.; Hemming, A.; Lancaster, D.; Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference and the Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology, OECC/ACOFT 2008 (2008 : Sydney, NSW)We demonstrate an extruded fluorozirconate microstructured fibre with large mode area, loss of 3 dB/m at 4 mum and negligible excess loss relative to a corresponding unstructured fibre.Item Metadata only Emerging Nonlinear Optical Fibers: Revised Fundamentals, Fabrication and Access to Extreme Nonlinearity(IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2009) Monro, T.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Zhang, W.; Afshar Vahid, S.We review the properties of conventional and emerging nonlinear fibers. More specifically, we describe advances in soft glass microstructured fibers, including fabrication, the demonstration of extreme nonlinearity and a generalisation of the underpinning nonlinear theory.Item Open Access Index matching between passive and active tellurite glasses for use in microstructured fiber lasers: Erbium doped lanthanum-tellurite glass(Optical Soc Amer, 2009) Oermann, M.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Li, Y.; Foo, H.; Monro, T.Active and passive variants of La-containing tellurite glasses have been developed with matched refractive indices. The consequences of adding lanthanum to the glass was studied through measurements of the crystallization stability, glass viscosity and the loss of unstructured fibers. Doping the glass with erbium allowed for any spectroscopic changes to be observed through measurements of the absorption and energy level lifetimes. The fluorescence emission spectra were measured at 1.5 microm and, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time in tellurite glass at 2.7 microm.Item Metadata only Nonlinear optics in emerging waveguides: revised fundamentals and implications(Cambridge University Press, 2010) Afshar Vahid, S.; Turner, M.; Monro, T.; Dudley, J.; Taylor, J.Introduction Guided-wave nonlinear optics has attracted significant interest because of the unique environment that waveguides provide for nonlinear interactions, including tight confinement (high intensity), long interaction lengths (especially for fibres), control of propagation constants, and the possibility to incorporate them with integrated circuits (mainly for planar waveguides) [see (Lin et al., 2007; Knight and Skryabin, 2007; Foster et al., 2008; Afshar and Monro, 2009) and references therein]. Recent and rapid progress in design and manufacturing of complex structured microstructured optical fibres and planar waveguides with subwavelength features (including both subwavelength inclusions and voids) has further extended the opportunities to develop nonlinear devices by enabling extreme nonlinearity to combine with tailorable chromatic dispersion (Lin et al., 2007; Knight and Skryabin, 2007; Foster et al., 2008; Koos et al., 2007). The nonlinear optical phenomena that occur in waveguides are determined through two main factors; the linear and nonlinear properties of the constituent bulk materials, and the optical properties of the waveguide. Recent advances in the design and fabrication of complex structured waveguides with high contrast linear refractive indices, inhomogeneous cross-sections, and subwavelength features have provided great potential to accelerate the field of guided-wave nonlinear optics. We define a new class of optical waveguides, “emerging waveguides”, as waveguides with a combination of the following features: High index materials Inhomogeneous and complex structure Subwavelength features such as voids or material inclusions.Item Metadata only Spectroscopy of erbium in La³⁺-doped tellurite glass & fibres(IEEE, 2008) Oermann, M.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Li, Y.; Monro, T.; Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT) (2008 : Sydney, Australia)We study the spectroscopic properties of erbium doped tellurite glass and the effect of co-doping with lanthanum. This is a route towards the development of versatile fibre lasers for the mid-infrared.Item Metadata only New tellurite glasses for erbium fibre lasers(IEEE, 2008) Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Foo, H.; Li, Y.; Oermann, M.; Monro, T.; Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT) (2008 : Sydney, Australia)We report on La- and Er-doped tellurite glasses that demonstrate improved properties for rare earth fibre lasers in the mid-infrared.Item Metadata only Kerr nonlinearity in small core optical fibres and nanowires: a generalised model, and application to microstructured fibres(IEEE, 2008) Afshar Vahid, S.; Monro, T.; Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT) (2008 : Sydney, Australia)We develop a generalized relation for effective nonlinear coefficients of waveguides with arbitrary refractive index profiles. Significant differences between the new definition and usual one are demonstrated in the regime of strong guidance or waveguides with sub-wavelength inclusions.Item Metadata only A novel approach to Bragg fibre bandgap analysis: Stratified planar anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides(IEEE, 2008) Rowland, K.; Afshar Vahid, S.; Monro, T.; Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT) (2008 : Sydney, Australia)We present a generalisation of the ARROW model, describing the topology and positions of novel features in Bragg stack bandgap spectra. Applications to Bragg bandgap fibres, including single-material hollow-core Bragg fibres, are discussed.Item Metadata only A fundamental study into the surface functionalization of soft glass microstructured optical fibers via silane coupling agents(IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2009) Debs, J.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Quinton, J.; Monro, T.A method for the functionalization of surfaces within soft glass microstructured optical fibers has been developed, using self assembled monolayers (SAMs) of silane coupling agents. We demonstrate the use of measurements of the fiber capillary fill rate, as a positive test for a functionalized internal surface. A simple theoretical model is used for comparison with measured fill rates. During this work, adsorption kinetics for SAMs of octadecyltrichlororsilane onto lead silicate glass has been investigated. This work is a critically important first step for a plethora of applications in biophotonics, chemical fiber sensing as well offering promise for protecting fiber glass from degradation.Item Metadata only Porous fibre: A novel THz waveguide(ICE, 2008) Atakaramians, S.; Afshar Vahid, S.; Fischer, B.; Abbott, D.; Monro, T.; OECC/ACOFT 2008; Eggleton, B.We propose a novel class of fibre with a porous core transverse crosssection that can offer a combination of low transmission loss and high mode confinement in the THz regime.Item Metadata only Record nonlinearity in optical fibre(IEE-Inst Elec Eng, 2008) Zhang, W.; Afshar Vahid, S.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Monro, T.A record effective fibre nonlinearity of 5400W-1km-1 at 1550nm has been measured in a non-tapered bismuth microstructured optical fibre. This extremely high nonlinearity has been achieved by fabricating a fibre with a suspended-nanowire structure with a core diameter of only 530nm. The nonlinear phase shift is measured using the dual-frequency self-phase modulation method. This result demonstrates the potential of this emerging class of fibres for use in compact nonlinear devices. © 2008 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.Item Metadata only Low loss, low dispersion and highly birefringent terahertz porous fibers(Elsevier Science BV, 2009) Atakaramians, S.; Afshar Vahid, S.; Fischer, B.; Abbott, D.; Monro, T.We demonstrate that porous fibers in addition to low loss and high confinement, have near zero dispersion for 0.5–1 THz resulting in reduced terahertz signal degradation compared to microwires. We also show for the first time that these new fibers can be designed, introducing asymmetrical sub-wavelength airholes within the core, to achieve high birefringence ≈0.026. This opens up the potential for realization of novel polarization preserving fibers in the terahertz regime.Item Metadata only Highly-efficient fluorescence sensing using microstructured optical fibres; side-access and thin-layer configurations(S P I E - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2008) Warren-Smith, S.; Afshar Vahid, S.; Monro, T.; International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors (19th : 2008 : Perth, W.Aust.); Sampson, D.; Collins, S.; Oh, K.; Yamauchi, R.A model is presented for calculating the performance of fluorescence-based optical-fibre sensors that considers the full vectorial nature of optical-fibre electromagnetic-field solutions making it suitable for modeling microstructured optical fibres with wavelength and sub-wavelength-scale features. By applying the model to a specific fibre geometry it is shown that high-index, small core (subwavelength) fibres allow for enhanced fluorescence capturing due to the formation of a thin, high-intensity layer at the core-cladding boundary. The model is evaluated in this regime for two sensing configurations of particular interest for future sensing systems, a side-access sensor for liquid-based sensing and a thin-layer (surface) sensor. Both configurations can offer improvements for fluorescence-based sensing.Item Open Access Bandgaps and antiresonances in integrated-ARROWs and Bragg fibers; a simple model(Optical Soc Amer, 2008) Rowland, K.; Afshar Vahid, S.; Monro, T.We consider the spectral properties of dielectric waveguides with low refractive index cores and binary layered claddings, such as Bragg fibers and integrated-ARROWs. We show that the full, nontrivial, 2-D spectrum of Bloch bands (hence bandgaps) of such claddings correspond, in structure and topology, to the dispersion properties of both constituent layer types; quantitatively demonstrating an intimate relationship between the bandgap and antiresonance guidance mechanisms. The dispersion functions of these layers, and the interactions thereof, thus form what we coin the Stratified Planar Anti-Resonant Reflecting OpticalWaveguide (SPARROW) model, capable of quantitative, analytic, descriptions of many nontrivial bandgap and antiresonance properties. The SPARROW model is useful for the spectral analysis and design of Bragg fibers and integrated-ARROWs with cores of arbitrary refractive index (equal to or less than the lowest cladding index). Both waveguide types are of interest for sensing and microfluidic applications due to their natural ability to guide light within low-index cores, permitting low-loss guidance within a large range of gases and liquids. A liquid-core Bragg fiber is discussed as an example, demonstrating the applicability of the SPARROW model to realistic and important waveguide designs.