Adelaide Microscopy publications

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Open Access
Cation Inversion in Slag Magnetite: Energy Loss Measurements of Fe-L₃ Edge Shift between Atom Columns
(Elsevier, 2023) Gezzaz, H.; Ciobanu, C.L.; Slattery, A.; Cook, N.J.; Ehrig, K.
Determination of cation disorder in inverse spinels like magnetite, Fe3O4, is of broad interest for applications in green technologies, storage devices, and nuclear waste management since cation distributions govern magnetic and electrical properties. Magnetite is a main component of slags produced by smelting of copper ores and contains potentially valuable trace elements. We address cation disorder as a factor controlling the behavior of these elements during atmospheric cooling from 1300 °C. To estimate cation disorder, we combine atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy. The inversion parameter (0.72) indicates minor partial ordering due to fast cooling from high temperature, resulting in skeletal textures. Trace element incorporation into magnetite, instead of exsolution of discrete nanoparticle phases is promoted. Our findings provide insights into the cooling behavior of spinels and facilitate robust thermodynamic modeling that addresses the stability of structures during cooling from melts. Findings carry implications for critical element recovery and prospects for transforming industrial waste into future resources.
Open Access
Spatially offset optical coherence tomography: Leveraging multiple scattering for high-contrast imaging at depth in turbid media
(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023) Untracht, G.R.; Chen, M.; Wijesinghe, P.; Mas, J.; Yura, H.T.; Marti, D.; Andersen, P.E.; Dholakia, K.
The penetration depth of optical coherence tomography (OCT) reaches well beyond conventional microscopy; however, signal reduction with depth leads to rapid degradation of the signal below the noise level. The pursuit of imaging at depth has been largely approached by extinguishing multiple scattering. However, in OCT, multiple scattering substantially contributes to image formation at depth. Here, we investigate the role of multiple scattering in OCT image contrast and postulate that, in OCT, multiple scattering can enhance image contrast at depth. We introduce an original geometry that completely decouples the incident and collection fields by introducing a spatial offset between them, leading to preferential collection of multiply scattered light. A wave optics-based theoretical framework supports our experimentally demonstrated improvement in contrast. The effective signal attenuation can be reduced by more than 24 decibels. Notably, a ninefold enhancement in image contrast at depth is observed in scattering biological samples. This geometry enables a powerful capacity to dynamically tune for contrast at depth.
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Investigations on the tribological behaviour, toxicity, and biodegradability of kapok oil bio-lubricant blended with (SAE20W40) mineral oil
(Springer-Verlag, 2023) Shankar, S.; Manikandan, M.; Karupannasamy, D.K.; Jagadeesh, C.; Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.K.
Vegetable oil becomes a viable alternative to mineral or synthetic oils due to its biodegradable nature. In this work, one such vegetable-based non-edible oil (kapok oil) is blended with a mineral-based oil (SAE20W40) at 15 and 30% ratio (by volume), and its changes in thermal, tribological, and corrosive properties were evaluated. Four-ball tribometer is utilized to assess its dynamic friction coefficient and the wear scar diameter of the worn out area on the ball. Biodegradability and toxicity test of kapok oil were examined and compared with the palm and mineral oil through bacterial growth and brine shrimp assay methods, respectively. The results showed that the dynamic friction coefficient and specific wear rate of the blended oil were lesser than the mineral oil. The mineral oil produced a higher roughness average (Ra) value than that of the blended oil. Kapok oil shows an adequate tribological properties (anti-friction and anti-wear) in contrast to the other vegetable oils. Overall, kapok oil had a high biodegradability nature and lower toxicity than the mineral oil.
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Tribology of Elastomers
(Springer, 2022) Hakami, F.; Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.K.
This book highlights the tribological behavior of elastomers by investigating the effect of operating variables such as, the applied load and the abrasive particle size, and the materials’ mechanical properties such as, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, and tear strength by the experimental, statistical and analytical methods. It is found that the wear mechanism is mostly friction wear, which is mixed with fatigue wear and abrading under higher applied loads or larger abrasives. The statistical method shows that the abrasive particle size has the highest contribution followed by the applied load on the wear process. Wear equation is developed to predict the wear rate considering the trends of the input variables.
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Use of palm olein as cutting fluid during turning of mild steel
(Informa UK Limited, 2023) Debnath, S.; Anwar, M.; Basak, A.K.; Pramanik, A.
This research evaluated surface roughness and cutting forces using an alternative vegetable oil, namely, ‘super palm olein’, as cutting fluid on turning of mild steel. The outcomes of the proposed alternative cutting fluid were compared with that of conventional mineral-based cutting fluid (coolant machining) and dry machining. Taguchi orthogonal array was employed to set design of experiments and results were analysed based on signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to rationalise multi-parameter experiments, namely, cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. It was found that depth of cut influences most significantly on surface roughness, that is, 49.02% for dry machining, 73.35% for coolant machining and 53.86% for super olein machining. On the other hand, the highest contributor to cutting force performance was cutting speed with 51.44% for dry machining, 87.28% for coolant machining and 75.46% for super olein machining. The experimental outcome shows that surface roughness under super olein machining tends to improve as the depth of cut and cutting speeds increase and surpasses that of conventional coolant machining and dry machining. Additionally, regression equations were proposed, based on experimental results, to predict surface roughness and cutting force for given parameters.
Open Access
Application of coolants during tool-based machining – A review
(Elsevier BV, 2023) Zheng Yang, K.; Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.K.; Dong, Y.; Prakash, C.; Shankar, S.; Dixit, S.; Kumar, K.; Ivanovich Vatin, N.
Coolant is a substance that applied in a machining process for the efficient machining of materials. The application of coolants is based on the several factors including the types of machining process, workpiece material, cutting tool and cost. Coolant helps to dissipate the heat that can be generated during the machining operation, induce lubricating effects to decrease the friction caused by the interfaces of two surfaces, flush away chips and offer corrosion protection. With the right type of coolants used, the performance of machining applications and the attributes of workpieces can be remarkably enhanced. The objective of the study to provides a critical review on the mechanism of coolant penetration, functions, variety of coolants, cooling actions, effectiveness, applications, and the additives that alter the ability and properties of coolants. Furthermore, the critical review also addresses the new technology cryogenic machining that uses cryogenic gases as coolants instead of conventional coolants.
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Polymer networks of imine-crosslinked metal-organic cages: tuneable viscoelasticity and iodine adsorption
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022) Schneider, M.L.; Campbell, J.A.; Slattery, A.D.; Bloch, W.M.
The solution-state structure of an amine-functionalised Cu24L24 cage (MOP-15) is elucidated, enabling its direct covalent crosslinking into a series of highly tuneable organogels. These soft porous networks exhibit up to a ∼10-fold increase in capacity for iodine compared to the discrete cage precursor.
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Optimization of accuracy and surface finish of drilled holes in 350 mild steel
(Springer, 2020) Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.K.; Islam, M.N.; Dong, Y.; Debnath, S.; Vora, J.J.; Gupta, K.; Gupta, M.K.
This chapter presents analysis and optimization of machinability of Mild steel grade 350 while high speed drilling operation. Taguchi design of experiments (DoEs), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other traditional methods were applied to optimize the input variables in order to minimise the circularity, cylindricity, diameter error and surface roughness of drilled holes. It was found that point angle was the highest contributor for the circularity, cylindricity and surface roughness of drilled holes. The circularity error was minimum at the low speed (584 rpm), low feed (0.15 mm/rev) and moderate point angle (125°). The cylindricity error of holes was minimised at the high speed (849 rpm), moderate feed (0.2 mm/rev) and moderate point angle (125°). The moderate speed, low feed and moderate point angle minimised surface roughness considerably. The interaction between speed and point angle had the maximum contribution to the diameter error of drilled holes. The diameter error was minimum at the moderate speed, low feed and moderate point angle.
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Wear of rubbers and its control in conveyer belt system
(Springer, 2020) Masrangi, D.T.; Salim, H.; Hakami, F.; Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.K.; Gupta, K.
Rubbers are polymer materials characterized by the ability of reversible deformation under influence of external deformation forces, described as a material with elastic properties. Rubbers include natural rubber, naturally occurring substance and synthetic rubber, artificially derived from petrochemical product. Products made from rubber have flexible and stable 3-dimensional chemical structure and the ability to stretch repeatedly of about twice the original length and return to original length. These materials are enormously used in conveyer belt system. Today, rubber materials are altered with approximately 60% synthetic polymers to achieve desired properties of final product. This chapter investigates the wear of different types of rubbers against ceramic liners which is the most realistic case in mining industries, where conveyor belts are used for ore transportation pulleys in conveyer belt system are coated with sacrificial liners of ceramics and rubbers to prolong the life of the conveyor system. However, such pulley liners are exposed to wear and even chemical reactions particularly in mining industries that are involved in transporting ores. The investigation will provide information on surface in terms of wear mechanism of rubber against ceramics, wear rate and appearance of wear surfaces.
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Stress in the interfaces of metal matrix composites (MMCs) in thermal and tensile loading
(Woodhead Publishing, 2020) Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.K.; Littlefair, G.; Dixitd, A.R.; Chattopadhyayad, S.; Goh, K.; Aswathi, M.K.; De Silva, R.T.; Thomas, S.
The influence of contents, sizes and shapes of reinforcements on the matrix-particle interfaces in terms of (a) von-Mises stress, (b) directions as well as spreading of principal stresses during cooling and under tension were analysed in this investigation through numerical simulation for SiC particle reinforced Al6061 matrix MMCs. The result shows that the rapid variation of von-Mises stress in the interfaces depends on the shape of reinforced particles. The interfaces in MMCs with triangular reinforcements experienced the slimiest stress variation. Nevertheless, the uppermost stress was intensified in the corners of the triangle shaped reinforcements. The shape of the reinforcements affects the stress vectors directions. The range of the von-Mises stress rises through the rise of particle amount and decrease of particles size at a constant number of particles. For nearly all the cases, excluding the MMCs with triangle reinforcements, when the stress rises, with the rise of the applied positive elongation, the stress scatterings are unaffected.
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Influence of the microstructural and mechanical properties of reinforced graphene in magnesium matrix fabricated by friction stir processing
(Springer, 2020) Alam, N.; Iqbal, M.M.; Prakash, C.; Singh, S.; Basak, A.; International Conference on Functional Materials, Manufacturing and Performances (ICFMMP) (12 Sep 2019 - 13 Sep 2019 : Jalandhar City, India)
The aim of the present researchwork is to find out the influence of uniform dispersion of different volume percentages of graphene nanoparticles into magnesium matrix, fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP). These composites can be used in various applications, particularly in electrical, automobile and aerospace industries due to its lightweight and good electrical and mechanical properties. The friction processed surface of pure magnesium and composites were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties such as tensile test of the friction stir processed (FSPed) composites were performed in universal testing machine and the specimen was prepared according to standard dimension by wire EDM. The initial properties of the material were compared to the FSPed pure magnesium matrix composites. The role of various volume percentages of reinforcement by FSP resulted in grain refinements as well as improved the mechanical properties of the FSPed composite.
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Optimizing dimensional accuracy of titanium alloy features produced by wire electrical discharge machining
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Pramanik, A.; Islam, M.N.; Basak, A.K.; Dong, Y.; Littlefair, G.; Prakash, C.
This study investigates geometrical errors such as cylindricity, circularity and diametral errors of a feature (a hole) produced from wire electrical discharge machining of Ti6Al4V alloy where tension in wire, pulse on time, and flushing pressure are varied. Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA), Taguchi design of experiment (DoE), and traditional analysis estimate the influence of variables on errors of holes. It was noted that flushing pressure is the most significant factor with individual contributions of 31.02%, 49.5% and 37.84% to circularity, cylindricity, and diametral errors, respectively. The circularity error of holes decreases as the flushing pressure and tension in wire rise, but decreases with the rise of pulse on time. The cylindricity error decreased with the increase of wire tension, flushing pressure and pulse on time. The absolute diametral error reduced as the pulse on time and tension in wire raised, but it raised with the rise of pulse on time. All these trends are associated with the influence of tension in wire on the flexibility of wire, the dependence of heat generation and dissipation on pulse on time, and ability of the flushing pressure to control the cooling, as well as debris removal from the machining zone.
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Removal of Hg interferences for common Pb correction when dating apatite and titanite by LA-ICP-MS/MS
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020) Gilbert, S.; Glorie, S.M.; Goldschmidt 2019
LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating is one of the most commonly used geochronology methods for dating minerals such as zircon, apatite, monazite and titanite. However, many of these U-bearing minerals also contain non-radiogenic common Pb, which requires correction to accurately determine the age of the mineral. Correction methods include: determining the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb common-Pb ratio; the iterative Andersen (2002) method using the measured ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb; using ²⁰⁸Pb for low Th-bearing minerals; or using the non-radiogenic ²⁰⁴Pb. To date, the ²⁰⁴Pb correction method has been limited by the isobaric interference from ²⁰⁴Hg, which requires mathematical correction by measuring ²⁰²Hg. In this study we demonstrate that for LA-ICP-MS analysis, the Hg interference can efficiently be removed by a charge transfer reaction using NH₃ gas in the reaction cell of an Agilent 8900 ICP-MS/MS, without any additional interference correction required. We demonstrate the applicability of the ²⁰⁴Pb correction method using a range of common Pb bearing apatites and titanites. The use of LA-ICP-MS/MS enables accurate ²⁰⁴Pb correction at ²⁰⁴Pb sensitivity lower than could be corrected previously.
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Mammalian development does not recapitulate suspected key transformations in the evolutionary detachment of the mammalian middle ear
(Royal Society, 2016) Ramírez-Chaves, H.E.; Wroe, S.W.; Selwood, L.; Hinds, L.A.; Leigh, C.; Koyabu, D.; Kardjilov, N.; Weisbecker, V.
The ectotympanic, malleus and incus of the developing mammalian middle ear (ME) are initially attached to the dentary via Meckel's cartilage, betraying their origins from the primary jaw joint of land vertebrates. This recapitulation has prompted mostly unquantified suggestions that several suspected--but similarly unquantified--key evolutionary transformations leading to the mammalian ME are recapitulated in development, through negative allometry and posterior/medial displacement of ME bones relative to the jaw joint. Here we show, using µCT reconstructions, that neither allometric nor topological change is quantifiable in the pre-detachment ME development of six marsupials and two monotremes. Also, differential ME positioning in the two monotreme species is not recapitulated. This challenges the developmental prerequisites of widely cited evolutionary scenarios of definitive mammalian middle ear (DMME) evolution, highlighting the requirement for further fossil evidence to test these hypotheses. Possible association between rear molar eruption, full ME ossification and ME detachment in marsupials suggests functional divergence between dentary and ME as a trigger for developmental, and possibly also evolutionary, ME detachment. The stable positioning of the dentary and ME supports suggestions that a 'partial mammalian middle ear' as found in many mammaliaforms--probably with a cartilaginous Meckel's cartilage--represents the only developmentally plausible evolutionary DMME precursor.
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Study of effective parameters on wear behavior of rubbers based on statistical methods
(Wiley, 2019) Hakami, F.; Pramanik, A.; Islam, N.; Basak, A.; Ridgway, N.
This study investigates the wear, surface roughness, and temperature buildup (TBU) of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) while sliding over abrasives of different sizes with the variation of normal load. Rubber properties such as tensile strength (s) and elongation at break (e) were considered as input parameters. Individual, as well as interacting effects of different parameters, were analyzed in‐depth by using statistical methods. Overall wear of rubber depends not only on the tribological system but also on mechanical properties that contribute different wear mechanisms in addition to abrasion. The abrasive particle size and 1/(se) are the first and second most significant contributing factors, respectively, to all output parameters except the wear rate where the second contributing factor is the applied load and abrasive size is the highest contributor. Larger abrasive particles deepen ploughing marks, which is enhanced by the higher load, and lead to higher surface roughness. The effect of load on TBU is negligible because of the soft nature of the rubber material.
Open Access
Milling of nanoparticles reinforced Al-based metal matrix composites
(MDPI, 2018) Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.; Dong, Y.; Shankar, S.; Littlefair, G.
This study investigated the face milling of nanoparticles reinforced Al-based metal matrix composites (nano-MMCs) using a single insert milling tool. The effects of feed and speed on machined surfaces in terms of surface roughness, surface profile, surface appearance, chip surface, chip ratio, machining forces, and force signals were analyzed. It was found that surface roughness of machined surfaces increased with the increase of feed up to the speed of 60 mm/min. However, at the higher speed (100–140 mm/min), the variation of surface roughness was minor with the increase of feed. The machined surfaces contained the marks of cutting tools, lobes of material flow in layers, pits and craters. The chip ratio increased with the increase of feed at all speeds. The top chip surfaces were full of wrinkles in all cases, though the bottom surfaces carried the evidence of friction, adhesion, and deformed material layers. The effect of feed on machining forces was evident at all speeds. The machining speed was found not to affect machining forces noticeably at a lower feed, but those decreased with the increase of speed for the high feed scenario.
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Developments of rubber material wear in conveyer belt system
(Elsevier, 2017) Hakami, F.; Pramanik, A.; Ridgway, N.; Basak, A.
Regular degradation of rubbers contribute frequent maintenance of conveyer belt system. This paper investigates wear rate and mechanisms of rubber and associated influential parameters based on the information available in literature. Abrasion, fatigue and roll formation are dominate wear mechanisms that are influenced by load, sliding velocity, hardness and friction. Correlations among influential parameters and their effect on rubber wear was established in details. Archad's equation does not work for rubber wear but researchers have proposed equations similar to that. Adhesion wear forms roll in the smooth surface when tear strength of rubber is low. Wear caused by adhesion is abrasion when surface texture is harsh. Hysteresis enhances fatigue wear if the substrate asperities are round or blunt.
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Deformation of electrodeposited gradient Co/Sn multilayered coatings under micro-pillar compression
(Elsevier, 2018) Kurdi, A.; Basak, A.
Compositionally modulated multilayer (CMM) Co-Sn coating were successfully deposited with the help of electrodeposition on copper substrate. The coating microstructure was homogeneous, nanostructured in nature with smooth and distinct interfaces as confirmed by SEM and TEM investigation. In this study, micro-mechanical properties of such CMM Co-Sn coatings has been investigated by means of micro-pillar compression. Micro-mechanical properties of electrodeposited monolithic sole Co and sole Sn coatings was also investigated for comparison purpose. CMM Co-Sn coating shows high flow strength of about 330 MPa, which is about 1.2 and 5 times higher than that of sole Co and sole Sn coating, respectively. Such enhanced mechanical properties are the result of intermixing of several thin Co-Sn layers to form a single broad layer to accommodate deformation of material and to minimize system’s energy as evident by detail transmission electron microscopy investigation on deformed micro-pillars.
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Fracture and fatigue life of Al-based MMCs machined at different conditions
(Elsevier, 2018) Pramanik, A.; Basak, A.
This study investigates fracture and fatigue performance of metal matric composites (MMCs) without any reinforcement and, 0.7 and 13 μm particle (10 vol%) reinforced which were machined at different feeds and speeds. Fractured surface as well as fatigue generated cracks were investigated in details. The effect of interactions among input machining parameters with their variations on fatigue life has also been analysed. It was found that fatigue cracks don’t follow machining traces. Moreover, the cracks are almost straight and sharp when reinforcing particles are smaller but change the course, and surface along the crake is highly damaged when the reinforced particles are bigger. The appearance of fractured surfaces of the samples are very similar regardless of particles size and machining conditions. Though compressive residual stress is generated on the machined MMC surfaces, fatigue life of MMCs are much shorter than that of corresponding matrix material due to the fracture and detachment of reinforcing particles from matrix. Fatigue life has an initial decreasing trend with the rise of feed-rate and then it increases significantly with further increase of feed-rate in the absence of particles machine at low speed. However, fatigue life remains almost constant with the increase of feed-rate for larger particle reinforced MMC machined at high speed. With the increase of speed, opposite trends on fatigue life were noticed for MMCs and matrix material when machined at low and high feeds, respectively. The larger reinforced particles reduces the fatigue life of machined specimens at every interacting combinations of parameters.
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Contribution of machining to the fatigue behaviour of metal matrix composites (MMCs) of varying reinforcement size
(Elsevier, 2017) Pramanik, A.; Islam, M.; Davies, I.; Boswell, B.; Dong, Y.; Basak, A.; Uddin, M.; Dixit, A.; Chattopadhyaya, S.
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