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Item Metadata only Impact of COVID-19 on the economic loss and resource conservation of China's tourism industry from the supply chain perspective(Elsevier, 2024) Lee, L.C.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Ping, L.; Zuo, J.; Zhang, H.The travel restriction leads to the enormous economic loss to the tourism industry. In this paper, the economic loss and the environmental gains (e.g., water and energy resources) from COVID-19 impact on China’s tourism industry are estimated based on environmentally extended multiple regional input-output model. Results indicate that the China’s tourism consumption loss triggered 921 billion US$ output loss via supply chain in 2020, which account for 7 % of GDP in 2019. Additionally, the economic loss further ripples tourism water footprint conservation of 10 billion m3 (equal to the annual water consumption of Poland) and tourism energy footprint conservation of 116 million tce (equal to the annual energy consumption of Australia). Findings reveal that regions with large tourism economic losses are not completely consistent with the regions with significant relief of water and energy pressures. Water pressure in Xinjiang (Northwest) and energy pressure in Hainan (South) have been alleviated due to reduced tourism consumption along the Southeast coast. These knock-on effects highlight a deeper internal link between the economy and the environment. The development of tourism in the post-COVID-19 era needs to reduce the direct water and energy footprint of local area by applying advanced water-saving and energy-saving technologies.Item Open Access The work input to saturated porous media undergoing internal erosion(Elsevier BV, 2023) Phan, D.G.; Nguyen, G.D.; Bui, H.H.The mechanism of internal erosion in porous media involves the microstructural evolutions induced by washing out of fine particles under different loading and seepage flow actions. Consequently, the effective stress on the solid skeleton is governed by the transition in velocity and stress of fine particles due to their detachment from the skeleton and then transport through pore channels, in addition to pore pressure. This study is to develop a formulation of work input to account for the interactions and mass exchanges between solid and fluid phases. Coupled mechanical-hydraulic erosion processes can be properly reflected through mass, momentum and energy balances based on Biot’s mixture theory of a three-phase model. This leads to three separate stress-like variables, effective stress, erosion force and hydraulic gradient, in conjugation with three strain-like variables, strain, mass loss and seepage velocity, respectively. The effective stress tensor, different from the classical form by Terzaghi due to the effect of erosion, and coupled hydro-mechanical-erosion criteria are naturally derived from the proposed work input. They consider grain scale mechanisms describing the transition of erodible particles from the solid skeleton to the fluidized state. Systematic formulations and discussions are presented to highlight the promising features of our approach.Item Metadata only Willingness to Pay for Sponge City Developments: A Perceived Value Perspective(SSRN, 2019) Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Zuo, J.; Huang, M.; International Conference on Resource Sustainability - Cities (icRS Cities) (1 Jul 2019 - 3 Jul 2019 : Adelaide, SA, Australia)Item Metadata only An ecological engine: The Drying Green(Landscape Australia, 2023) Hawken, S.The Drying Green is a radical new urban wetland and park in Gadigal Country, Green Square, Sydney. The park presents a fascinating abstraction of the original wetland systems that characterized the south Sydney landscape more than 200 years ago. The digitally inspired design of the park fuses folded origami-like geometries with smart technologies and natural systems. Designed by landscape architect McGregor Coxall with architect Chrofi and built by Regal Innovations for the City of Sydney, this new landscape celebrates the intensely urban culture of Green Square town centre, which will eventually have a population of over 6,000 residents and 6,000 workers, with densities rivalling parts of Hong Kong or Tokyo.Item Restricted The critical role of community networks in building everyday resilience - insights from the urban villages of Surabaya(Elsevier, 2023) Shirleyana,; Hawken, S.; Sunindijo, R.; Sanderson, D.The resilience of a community facing hazards and disastrous events is determined by the degree to which the community owns necessary resources and the capacity to self-organise before, during, and after disasters. Social networks are a key aspect of this ability to self-organise and support their participants in the midst of stresses and shocks. Such networks can help address both large-scale and everyday disasters through a range of measures. This research, therefore, aims to understand how community networks can build resilience, using two detailed case studies from urban kampung (village) communities in Surabaya. A variety of methods, including network analysis, are applied to engage and evaluate the resilience of the communities. The analyses of community networks integrate places for interactions, activities, key actors, impacts on community resilience and strategies for strengthening community networks. The findings suggest three important support networks can enhance community resilience. These comprise of neighbours’ networks, women’s networks and political networks. This research therefore serves as a significant and strategic tool for policy makers, city planners, and researchers to better understand how community networks can contribute to everyday resilience and support communities to survive and ultimately thrive.Item Open Access Are housing circumstances associated with faster epigenetic ageing?(BMJ Publishing Group, 2024) Clair, A.; Baker, E.; Kumari, M.Background: Numerous aspects of housing are associated with health. However, the pathways between housing and health, particularly the psychosocial elements of housing, are less well understood. Epigenetic information alongside social survey data offers an opportunity to explore biological ageing, measured using DNA methylation, as a potential pathway through which housing affects health. Methods: We use data on housing and DNA methylation from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, linked with prior survey responses from the British Household Panel Survey, covering adults in Great Britain. We explore the association between epigenetic ageing and housing circumstances, both contemporary and historical, using hierarchical regression. Results: We find that living in a privately rented home is related to faster biological ageing. Importantly, the impact of private renting (coefficient (SE) 0.046 years (0.011) vs owned outright, p<0.001) is greater than the impact of experiencing unemployment (coefficient 0.027 years (0.012) vs employed, p<0.05) or being a former smoker (coefficient 0.021 years (0.005) vs never smoker, p<0.001). When we include historical housing circumstances in the analysis, we find that repeated housing arrears and exposure to pollution/environmental problems are also associated with faster biological ageing. Conclusion: Our results suggest that challenging housing circumstances negatively affect health through faster biological ageing. However, biological ageing is reversible, highlighting the significant potential for housing policy changes to improve health.Item Open Access Architectural Education in Unfamiliar Territory: The Fish River Aboriginal Ranger Accommodation Project(Association of Architectural Educators (AAE), 2022) Kroll, D.; Morris, D.; Weijers-Coghlan, J.; Brambilla, A.The Fish River Aboriginal Ranger Accommodation project presents a case study of an experiential learning approach where design and construction are undertaken in unfamiliar environmental and cultural conditions to expand the learning experience beyond the traditional boundaries of architectural education. The project offers an example of an integrated pedagogy, entwining traditional design studio with technical, social and cultural experiences. The teaching and learning journey of this project required students and staff to expand their professional and personal skills beyond the drawings of the design studios and into the cultural and climatic context of a remote area of northern Australia.Item Metadata only Ten questions concerning the use of drones in urban environments(Elsevier, 2020) Watkins, S.; Burry, J.; Mohamed, A.; Marino, M.; Prudden, S.; Fisher, A.; Kloet, N.; Jakobi, T.; Clothier, R.The backdrop to the rapidly expanding use of drones is described, including development of drone technology, followed by an overview of current civilian use, focusing on use in and around the urban environment. The inhibitors to further use are considered including technological and societal aspects. The operation and control issues are reviewed including autonomous or semi-autonomous operation. Issues of lack of regulation, safety, lack of endurance/payload, noise, inability to fly well in adverse weather are considered. Research into how these issues may be overcome is discussed and comparisons are drawn with how equivalent-sized natural flyers (bird and larger flying insects) cope within the urban environment are made. The paper concludes with an overview of possible and planned use in the urban environment.Item Metadata only Inventory constrained funicular modelling(International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS), 2019) Baber, K.R.; Burry, J.R.; Chen, C.; Gattas, J.M.; Bukauskas, A.; 60th Anniversary Symposium of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) (7 Oct 2019 - 10 Oct 2019 : Barcelona, Spain); Lazaro, C.; Bletzinger, K.U.; Onate, E.This paper investigates the development of a digital form finding model that combines the generation of funicular geometry with a material inventory constraint. The model provides a flexible design tool that facilitates exploration of structural form whilst simultaneously satisfying two rationalizing criteria. It maintains an equilibrated structure derived from funicular geometry; and optimally assigns an inventory of parts with natural dimensional variation to this funicular geometry. The combined goal for the design outcome is to achieve material efficiency through both structurally rational form, and minimization of material waste. The material chosen for the inventory is below-grade sawn timber1, being lightweight but with high levels of naturally occurring structural variability. Sawn timber boards that are rejected for structural application due to their frequent structural defects (knots, checks, splits etc.) can readily yield usable short length structural members, once the defects are removed. In doing so, this provides a unique inventory of random short members. These short members are well suited to articulated structures, which, by employing an inverted funicular geometry, only incur axial stresses and can employ simple non-moment timber connections. This research has been undertaken for the design of the pavilion for the “Working Group 21 – Advanced Manufacturing and Materials” exhibition at the IASS Symposium 2019.Item Metadata only Air Flow Visualisation Towards the Design of Breathing Skins(Society for Modeling & Simulation International (SCS), 2016) Muehlbauer, M.; Cheng, N.Y.; Khorasgani, M.L.; McCarthy, J.; Burry, J.; 7th Annual Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design (SimAUD) (16 May 2016 - 18 May 2016 : Univ Coll London, London, ENGLAND); Attar, R.; Chronis, A.; Hanna, S.; Turrin, M.How can the geometric modification of surfaces affect airflow and enhance the thermal performance of ventilated facades? This study is an initial investigation into how surface articulation can affect air movement in a plenum between the shaped surface and the building, as a step toward the design of climate-specific ventilated facades, termed “Breathing Skins”. The research method describes how physical and digital procedures can play complementary roles in the understanding of complex environmental phenomena for architectural applications. Initial wind-tunnel tests measured the pressure change from the inbound side to the outbound side of a cavity with a variable shaped surface on one face. They allowed comparison of the frictional properties of a variety of folded surface forms, that could be used for façade siding or screens. Subsequently, the patterns were simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Results show that a solid sheet with concertina folds parallel to the wind revealed a greater loss in pressure and a Miura-Ori pattern a smaller loss in pressure than a flat sheet. These findings are shaping further research into the phenomenon by indicating useful avenues for the development of climate-modulating outer building skins.Item Metadata only A study of human vocal effort in response to the architectural auditory environment(Taylor and Francis Online, 2020) Alambeigi, P.; Burry, J.; Zhao, S.; Cheng, E.This paper examines human auditory interaction with an architectural design hypothesized to decrease users’ vocal effort and thus enhance their speech privacy. This detailed design increased sound scattering in semi-enclosed meeting rooms within open plan offices. To achieve desirable speech intelligibility, a live sound environment is strongly recommended for meeting rooms. The research explores the hypothesis that by adding early reflections to the direct sound energy with an integrated design, the speaker as a self-listener might benefit from perceiving their own voice with more clarity. This can cause adaptive changes to subconscious vocal effort and increase the corresponding speech privacy of the space. An architecture-driven talker-quality experiment in a natural situation has been conducted in two rounds and in two different acoustic environments with 20 participants. The results implied the importance of human visual and spatial perception of privacy over auditory interaction with the environment on decreasing vocal effort. Such factors could thus be considered within the architectural design process.Item Open Access Angkor's Agrarian Economy: A socio-ecological mosaic(Routledge, 2023) Hawken, S.; Cobo Castillo, C.; Hendrickson, M.; Stark, M.; Evans, D.Angkor’s urban landscape consisted predominantly of open spaces in a low density settlement pattern. These open spaces supported a rich diversity of agrarian land uses including varying types of rice field cultivation, urban gardens and orchards, and a range of other crops and botanically useful species. Despite their central importance such agrarian spaces have not received the same amount of attention as the monumental elements of the archaeological landscape. This chapter prioritises and critically analyses such agrarian open spaces using archaeobotanical, remote sensing, and anthropological sources. Agrarian rice field, arboriculture and garden systems provide insight on the positioning of temples and other urban features and offer rich insights on environmental modifications of the landscape. We present such insights through three vignettes of different environmental patches in the civic ceremonial core, the inner and outer suburban landscapes. Each presents specific information about the planning, management, and use of Angkor’s agrarian landscape.Item Open Access Angkor's Temple Communities and the Logic of its Urban Landscape(Routledge, 2023) Hawken, S.; Klassen, S.; Hendrickson, M.; Stark, M.; Evans, D.This chapter sets out the current state of knowledge on the dispersed suburban settlement patterns that surround Angkor’s civic-ceremonial core. This repetitive suburban settlement pattern consists of clusters of rice fields, ponds, and habitation mounds that were frequently orientated around local community temples. This chapter characterises such local temples as the primary marker of community across the Angkorian world which operated as centres of worship, politics, and daily ritual for peripheral agrarian communities. These temple communities are presented as a subject of study in their own right and considered distinctive units within Greater Angkor’s expansive low-density landscape. Using both archaeological and anthropological evidence, the chapter characterises these temple communities in space and time in terms of topographic features and phases of urban development. Local temples demonstrate different configurations, and these provide clues as to the operation and role of such local communities within Greater Angkor. Four major classes of temple community are identified and put forward as a subject for further study.Item Restricted Dissection II(Adelaide Fringe Festival, 2022) Bette, U.Item Open Access Understanding occupants’ behaviour, engagement, emotion, and comfort indoors with heterogeneous sensors and wearables(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022) Gao, N.; Marschall, M.; Burry, J.; Watkins, S.; Salim, F.D.We conducted a field study at a K-12 private school in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. The data capture contained two elements: First, a 5-month longitudinal field study In-Gauge using two outdoor weather stations, as well as indoor weather stations in 17 classrooms and temperature sensors on the vents of occupant-controlled room air-conditioners; these were collated into individual datasets for each classroom at a 5-minute logging frequency, including additional data on occupant presence. The dataset was used to derive predictive models of how occupants operate room air-conditioning units. Second, we tracked 23 students and 6 teachers in a 4-week cross-sectional study En-Gage, using wearable sensors to log physiological data, as well as daily surveys to query the occupants' thermal comfort, learning engagement, emotions and seating behaviours. Overall, the combined dataset could be used to analyse the relationships between indoor/outdoor climates and students' behaviours/mental states on campus, which provide opportunities for the future design of intelligent feedback systems to benefit both students and staff.Item Open Access Wellbeing fostered by design: a framework for evaluating indoor environment performance(Ubiquity Press, 2023) Croffi, J.; Kroll, D.; Soebarto, V.; Barrie, H.; McDougall, K.High-rise urban development has been controversial for its inability to foster cohesive and flourishing neighbourhoods. A social value perspective can help to better understand and evaluate how new developments in dense urban settings affect places and communities. While the link between wellbeing and social value is well-established in the literature, the question of how design can affect wellbeing and thus contribute to the social value of a development still requires further research and clarification. A better understanding of this relationship can assist architects, developers or consultants during the design process. A review is presented of relevant quantifiable aspects of building design that affect wellbeing in relation to the indoor environment and to social value specifically. A framework for fostering wellbeing is developed to test these aspects and evaluate the indoor environment performance. A case study building is used to analyse the relationship between building design and wellbeing. These lessons can be used to inform and evaluate building design during the design phases to complement the assessment of qualitative factors within a social value framework. PRACTICE RELEVANCE: This study identifies quantifiable aspects of the indoor environment affecting wellbeing in a high-rise development that can form part of a social value framework. This list of identified aspects provides a useful starting point for architects or consultants to assess designs. The indicators relate to quantifiable indoor environment aspects that can be directly controlled by building design and complement the broader concepts of wellbeing within a social value framework. The paper demonstrates how these aspects can be quantified in a case study mixed-use urban development as part of a post-occupancy evaluation. These quantifiable aspects could be integrated within digital tools to evaluate the building at the design stage to ensure that wellbeing is at the forefront of the project considerations.Item Metadata only Open Form and Design Thinking in the Early Andrews Practice, 1964–1967(Harvard Design Press, 2023) Scriver, P.; Moulis, A.; Walker, P.Item Open Access Cold housing environments: defining the problem for an appropriate policy response(Springer, 2023) Barlow, C.F.; Daniel, L.; Bentley, R.; Baker, E.Researchers across disciplines are increasing attention to cold housing environments. Public health, environmental and social sciences, architecture, and engineering each define and measure cold housing environments differently. Lack of standardisation hinders our ability to combine evidence, determine prevalence, understand who is most at risk––and to formulate policy responses. We conducted a systematic, cross-disciplinary review of literature to document the measures used. We examined benefits and limitations of each approach and propose a conceptualisation of cold housing: where temperature is too low to support optimal health and wellbeing of inhabitants, measured using one or a combination of economic, ‘objective’, or subjective approaches. More accurate data on home temperatures for all population groups, combined with an understanding of factors leading to cold homes, will enable appropriate policy response to reduce adverse health effects and costs. Policies targeting better building standards and energy subsidies both improve temperature conditions in housing environments.Item Open Access Cold homes in Australia: Questioning our assumptions about prevalence(Elsevier, 2023) Barlow, C.F.; Daniel, L.; Baker, E.Australia is considered by many to be a warm climate country and hence winter cold and its health effects are often overlooked. The majority of the Australian population live in temperate climate regions, which are heatingdominated and experience cold wintertime conditions. The prevalence of cold in Australian homes has to date been rarely measured or estimated, and the few studies that do are based on proxy data that estimate a low prevalence (around 5 %). This paper tests these proxy measures, using high resolution temperature data on indoor temperature from 100 homes across temperate Australia. The data were assessed using the World Health Organization's Housing and Health guideline for minimum indoor temperature (18 ◦C), which provides an internationally recognised benchmark for defining cold in homes. Across the sampled homes, 81 % were below 18 ◦C on average across the whole of winter (June–August 2022). Average winter indoor temperatures were 16.5 ± 2.7 ◦C across all homes, with no significant difference between locations. These early findings suggest that the problem of unhealthily cold homes in Australia is likely to be significantly more prevalent than previously estimated. Far from affecting 5 % of Australian households, the affected population may be 10 times this value. These initial findings have important implications for how we model health impacts and develop policy. This early release data from a recently commenced large environmental monitoring project is of timely importance. It challenges our understanding of the prevalence of cold housing in Australia context, flagging the pressing need to increase policy attention in advance of winter.Item Metadata only Debonding detection in FRP-strengthened concrete structures utilising nonlinear Rayleigh wave mixing(Elsevier BV, 2023) Cao, Y.; Ng, C.T.; Smith, S.T.This paper reports an investigation on the use of Rayleigh wave mixing method for the debonding detection in concrete structures strengthened with externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite plates. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed to simulate the propagation of Rayleigh waves in FRPstrengthened concrete structures. In this model, the frequency domain of the transmitted waves shows the generation of second harmonics and combinational harmonics on account of debonding. The numerically simulated results are then experimentally validated with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-plated concrete blocks containing two different sizes of debonding. Based on the experimentally verified numerical model, parametric studies are then conducted, where a nonlinear debonding crack growth parameter is proposed. The nonlinear Rayleigh wave mixing method is proven to be practical, reliable, and sensitive for detecting debonding at bonded concrete-FRP interfaces in FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) structures.