Research Outputs

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    048. Glass
    (Mohrs Siebeck, 2021) O'Hea, M.
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    1-to-N terahertz integrated switches enabling multi-beam antennas
    (Optica Publishing Group, 2023) Dechwechprasit, P.; Lees, H.; Headland, D.; Fumeaux, C.; Withayachumnankul, W.
    Implementing terahertz circuits and system designs relies on integrating reconfigurable devices such as switches, to fulfill a critical role in controlling and manipulating the flow of terahertz signals on the chip. Although there have been several demonstrations of on–off switching in the terahertz range, there have been no demonstrations of 1-to-𝑁 switching, to our knowledge. This pronounced lack of dynamically reconfigurable routing has severely limited the achievable complexity of terahertz systems. To address this, we propose 1-to-𝑁 switches made of cascaded disk resonators integrated into a substrateless silicon waveguide platform. A single switch can be controlled via photoexcitation using a low-power 658-nm laser focused onto the disk resonator, turning off the resonance and inhibiting coupling into a crossing port. The measurement results demonstrate that the proposed switch has low insertion loss, which can be attributed to the inherently low dissipation of the platform. The proposed on–off switch achieves a maximum insertion loss of 1.2 dB, and the maximum extinction ratio of the switch is 16.1 dB with 1.5 GHz of bandwidth. Furthermore, a 1-to-3 switch is monolithically integrated together with a Luneburg lens in order to project each of its output ports to a different far-field direction and, thereby, translate the switching operation into a form of reconfigurable beam control for future applications.
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    10 Years Development of Potassium-Ion Batteries
    (Wiley, 2025) Li, M.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.; Lyu, Y.; Wang, J.; Xia, S.; Mao, J.; Guo, Z.
    Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), with abundant resources and low cost, are considered as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries for low-cost and large-scale applications. Over the past decade, significant academic progresses are made in the development of PIBs, including advancements in cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes. However, most improvements are achieved under laboratory conditions (e.g., K metal-based half-cells and low mass loading of active materials), and the performance of PIBs in full cells is still far from the requirements for commercial applications. A critical insight bridging the academic research and the commercialization of PIBs is urgently needed to guide future research in this field. This review will discuss the challenges and improvement strategies in the development of PIBs, focusing on the potential practical cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes, as well as their performance in full cells. It aims to give the readers a clear and logical understanding of the development of PIBs. The application analysis is also discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the commercialization potential of PIBs. Finally, perspectives are provided for the future development of PIBs.
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    2,4-D resistance due to a deletion in IAA2 in Sisymbrium orientale L. carries no apparent fitness penalty
    (Wiley, 2025) Malone, J.M.; Dang, H.T.; de Figueiredo, M.R.; Gill, G.; Gaines, T.A.; Preston, C.
    BACKGROUND: A deletion mutation in the degron tail of auxin coreceptor IAA2 was found to confer resistance to the herbicide 2,4-D in Sisymbrium orientale. Given the importance of auxin signalling in plant development, this study was conducted to investigate whether this deletion mutation may affect plant fitness. RESULTS: The F2 progeny of crosses with two resistant populations P2 (P2♂ × S♀) and P13 (P13♂ × S♀) were used in this study. The F2 plants were grown under competition with wheat in pot-trials and evaluated for biomass and total seed production. Progeny of the F2 plants were phenotyped by application of 250 g a.e. ha-1 2,4-D and genotyped for the 27 bp deletion in IAA2. In a separate experiment, F4 and F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with resistant and susceptible phenotypes were grown in monoculture and phenotyped over time for biomass and seed production. Wheat competition reduced biomass and seed production for all genotypes in each population and in each year. A density of 400 plants m-2 of wheat reduced Sisymbrium orientale biomass by 76-78% in 2016 and by 59-63% in 2017 and total seed production by 80-83% and 60-64% by respective year. For the experiment involving resistant and susceptible RILs, biomass accumulation and seed production were the same between resistant and susceptible for both populations. CONCLUSIONS: The 27 bp deletion in IAA2 in Sisymbrium orientale does not carry a measurable fitness penalty, as determined by biomass reduction or seed production, either in monoculture or in competition with wheat. As a result, this mutation is unlikely to decrease over time in weed populations if 2,4-D selection pressure were removed. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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    243rd ENMC international workshop: Developing guidelines for management of reproductive options for families with maternally inherited mtDNA disease, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 22-24 March 2019
    (Elsevier, 2019) Poulton, J.; Steffann, J.; Burgstaller, J.; McFarland, R.; Arbeithuber, B.; Bengoa, J.; Burgstaller, J.; Chan, S.; Chiaratti, M.; Crouch, M.; Dimond, R.; Enriques, J.A.; Gorman, G.; Hyslop, L.; Johnston, I.; Kitto, J.; Maguire, A.; McFarland, R.; Mitalipov, S.; Otterloo, V.; et al.
    The 243rd ENMC workshop met in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in March 2019 to discuss current perspectives and knowledge in reproductive options in patients with mtDNA-related mitochondrial disease. The 29 participants came from The Netherlands, UK, France, Germany, Spain, Austria, Belgium, Australia, USA and Brazil, and was multidisciplinary, including patients, clinicians, basic scientists, ethicists, a sociologist, and representatives of industry and patient organizations (including the Lily Foundation, the Dutch Muscular Disease Association, International Mito Patients (IMP) and the LHON group of the Dutch Eye Association).
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    3D dental records in Australian dental practise - a hidden gold mine for forensic identification
    (Taylor and Francis Group, 2025) Perkins, H.; Hughes, T.; Forrest, A.; Higgins, D.
    Human identification via dental comparison is only possible if sufficient antemortem dental records are available. These records are sourced from dental practices. New 3D digital technologies are increasingly being used by dentists in Australia for routine clinical procedures and offer significantly more data for individualizing people than traditional 2D records. However, it is uncertain whether clinicians are aware of the importance of these records for forensic purposes. The collection of antemortem records from clinical practices is critical to successful identification by forensic odontology. A survey across 71 dental practices in South Australia explored both the availability of 3D dental records and the level of awareness among practitioners regarding their significance in forensic investigations. While 3D dental records are frequently produced in dental settings, there is a notable lack of awareness among practitioners of their critical value in forensic contexts. Retention practices for all records were highly variable. Despite the production of 3D records, their potential remains underutilized due to gaps in knowledge of forensic applicability. The findings highlight a significant opportunity for enhancing forensic identification through better education and management of 3D dental records. Addressing this gap is essential for improving the efficiency of forensic odontology.
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    3D effects in two-phase steady-state tests
    (Elsevier BV, 2022) Yang, S.; Hemmati, N.; Russell, T.; Zeinijahromi, A.; Borazjani, S.; Behr, A.; Genolet, L.; Bedrikovetsky, P.
    This study analyses three-dimensional (3D) effects during steady-state tests in short cores, primarily used to determine relative permeability (Kr) and capillary pressure (Pc). Here we concentrate on steady-state transition tests (SSTTs), which allows simultaneous determination of Kr and Pc from the steady-state data and the transition data measured between the steady states. Comparison between three- and one-dimensional (1D) modelling in short cores shows a significant difference in measured water-cut and pressure-drop data. This difference has been observed for cores with different inlet distributor geometries, aspect ratios, and anisotropy. Despite the influence of 3D flow effects on measurement data, the agreement between Kr and Pc as obtained from the 3D and 1D models is close. This phenomenon of conservative inverse-solution results has been demonstrated for different inlet distributor geometries. The Spiral distributor exhibits lower 3D flow effects and more accurate determination of relative permeability and capillary pressure from SSTT tests.
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    3D imaging for dental identification: a pilot investigation of a novel segmentation method using an intra oral scanning device
    (Springer, 2025) Perkins, H.; Rohrlach, A.; Hughes, T.; Forrest, A.; Higgins, D.
    Introduction Forensic dental identification relies on the comparison of antemortem and postmortem dental records. 3D dental imaging presents the potential for detailed anatomical features of teeth to be quantified between individuals in automated identification tools. This study introduces a novel segmentation method to simultaneously remove extraneous data from two images reducing processes and time required during 3D dental image comparisons, and tests this against existing approaches to better understand segmentation techniques for forensic purposes. Methods Six volunteers had both digital and stone cast full arch dental models created. The casts were scanned and digitized with an intra oral laser scanner, and five different segmentation methods were then applied to all images. Segmented images were compared via a method for aligning 3D images for possible matching (same person) and non-matching (different person) pairings. Results All segmentation methods removed adequate excess materials to provide consistent repeated outcomes in the comparison process, with the novel segmentation method showing equivalent outcomes with existing methodologies. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the process of segmentation in distinguishing between 3D dental imaging and underscore the potential of 3D imaging technologies in forensic odontology. Conclusion The study demonstrates the efficacy of a new segmentation method in forensic dental identification, offering a faster approach; calling for further validation of these methods within a legal framework.
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    3D Kinematics of Male and Female Soccer Players for a Variety of Game-Specific Skills
    (Hindawi, 2024) Loud, D.; Grimshaw, P.; Kelso, R.; Wang, I.-L.
    Soccer is played by a variety of individuals with varying abilities. The complicated lower limb movements involved within the game often lead to knee and ankle injuries, with anterior cruciate ligament injuries being the most severe with regard to rehabilitation time and ongoing health risks. This research explores the biomechanical kinematics of male and female soccer players on synthetic grass to determine whether trends in lower limb biomechanics over a variety of movements could explain injury risk. Both male and female players (n = 10) aged between 19 and 24 years performed running-based and stationary-start movements. Biomechanical measurements at the hip, knee, and ankle were recorded. Observations showed that specific differences in joint angles were largely dependent on the movements performed; however, for male players, on average, across all movements, 84.6% and 72.6% of the variation in joint angles could be explained by internal/external rotation at the hip and knee, respectively. For female players, internal/external knee rotation, as well as hip abduction and adduction, accounted for 83.6% and 80.2% of the variation in joint angles, respectively, across all the tested movements. This highlights the importance of hip mechanics and knee alignment for players when performing a variety of movements.
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    3D Terahertz Confocal Imaging with Chromatic Metasurface
    (Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2025) You, X.; Ako, R.T.; Sriram, S.; Withayachumnankul, W.
    Terahertz confocal imaging allows 3D see-through of a non-metallic object with high resolution. Conventional methods acquiring 3D images of thick objects suffer from limited depth-of-field, constrained depth resolution, and/or inconsistent spatial resolution at different depths. To address these limitations, the intrinsic chromatic aberration of a typical focusing metasurface is exploited to achieve frequency-dependent focal lengths. An object located within this extended focal range can be readily 3D inspected by performing 2D raster scans. A rigorous analysis reveals that the focal spot maintains a constant waist diameter of 2.4 mm (equivalent to 2.2𝝀0 at 275 GHz) and migrates 68.1 mm (equivalent to 62.4𝝀0, or 16.4 times of Rayleigh length, or 1.4-fold of the designed focal length at 275 GHz) from 175 to 525 GHz, and thus achieving a consistent spatial resolution and a large depth-of-field for 3D imaging. Importantly, this large depth-of-field is achieved with a relatively high numerical aperture of around 0.42. Measurements conducted between 220 and 330 GHz exhibit close agreement with the calculation. To demonstrate its imaging functionality, two stacked papers with different texts, a mobile phone, and earphones concealed in a charging case are imaged, where a short-time Fourier transform is implemented in the time-domain terahertz images to enhance image contrast. The presented metasurface is technologically significant for imaging systems to rapidly inspect objects in 3D with exceptional resolutions. Its potential applications include in-situ defect detection and object identification in security screening.
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    3D-Printable Sustainable Bioplastics from Gluten and Keratin.
    (MDPI AG, 2024) Alshehhi, J.R.M.H.; Wanasingha, N.; Balu, R.; Mata, J.; Shah, K.; Dutta, N.K.; Choudhury, N.R.
    Bioplastic films comprising both plant- and animal-derived proteins have the potential to integrate the optimal characteristics inherent to the specific domain, which offers enormous potential to develop polymer alternatives to petroleum-based plastic. Herein, we present a facile strategy to develop hybrid films comprised of both wheat gluten and wool keratin proteins for the first time, employing a ruthenium-based photocrosslinking strategy. This approach addresses the demand for sustainable materials, reducing the environmental impact by using proteins from renewable and biodegradable sources. Gluten film was fabricated from an alcohol-water mixture soluble fraction, largely comprised of gliadin proteins. Co-crosslinking hydrolyzed low-molecular-weight keratin with gluten enhanced its hydrophilic properties and enabled the tuning of its physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure of the fabricated films was studied using neutron scattering techniques, which revealed the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanodomains, gliadin nanoclusters, and interconnected micropores in the matrix. The films exhibited a largely (>40%) β-sheet secondary structure, with diminishing gliadin aggregate intensity and increasing micropore size (from 1.2 to 2.2 µm) with an increase in keratin content. The hybrid films displayed improved molecular chain mobility, as evidenced by the decrease in the glass-transition temperature from ~179.7 °C to ~173.5 °C. Amongst the fabricated films, the G14K6 hybrid sample showed superior water uptake (6.80% after 30 days) compared to the pristine G20 sample (1.04%). The suitability of the developed system for multilayer 3D printing has also been demonstrated, with the 10-layer 3D-printed film exhibiting >92% accuracy, which has the potential for use in packaging, agricultural, and biomedical applications.
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    3D-printed micro-axicon enables extended depth-of-focus intravascular optical coherence tomography in vivo
    (SPIE; Chinese Laser Press, 2025) Ruchka, P.; Kushwaha, A.; Marathe, J.A.; Xiang, L.; Chen, R.; Kirk, R.; Tan, J.T.M.; Bursill, C.A.; Verjans, J.; Thiele, S.; Fitridge, R.; McLaughlin, R.A.; Psaltis, P.J.; Giessen, H.; Li, J.
    A fundamental challenge in endoscopy is how to fabricate a small fiber-optic probe that can achieve comparable function to devices with large, complicated optics. To achieve high resolution over an extended depth of focus (DOF), the application of needle-like beams has been proposed. However, existing methods for miniaturized needle-beam designs fail to adequately correct astigmatism and other monochromatic aberrations, limiting the resolution of at least one axis. Here, we describe an approach to realize freeform beam-shaping endoscopic probes via two-photon polymerization three-dimensional (3D) printing. We present a design achieving <8μm lateral resolution with a DOF of ∼800μm. The probe has a diameter of <260μm (without the torque coil and catheters) and is fabricated using a single printing step directly on the optical fiber. The probe was successfully utilized for intravascular imaging in living diabetic swine at multiple time points, as well as human atherosclerotic plaques ex vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a 3D-printed micro-optic for in vivo imaging of the coronary arteries. These results are a substantial step to enable the clinical adoption of both 3D-printed micro-optics and beam-tailoring devices.
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    3D-Printed Quasi-Optics for Sub-Terahertz Range
    (IEEE, 2024) Chung, B.; Headland, D.; Ibrahim, M.; Withayachumnankul, W.; International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz (1 Sep 2024 - 6 Sep 2024 : Perth, Western Australia)
    The high bandwidth available in the terahertz domain is promising for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and inspection applications. Although 3D-printing offers great flexibility and fast design iteration when developing quasi-optical components for such applications, common 3D-printing materials tend to suffer from high dielectric loss at terahertz frequencies, exacerbating signal-to-noise ratio issues that arise due to the low output power of typical terahertz sources. Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) has favourable properties at terahertz frequencies, and has proven useful in developing custom quasioptical components. In this work, we present a variety of 3Dprinted lenses used in NDE and inspection applications.
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    50 years of comprehensive state-wide data on pregnancy termination in South Australia: a retrospective, population-based, cohort study
    (Elsevier, 2024) Slade, L.J.; Louise, J.; D'Onise, K.; Dodd, J.M.
    Background: Termination of pregnancy is a common procedure, accessed globally, irrespective of logistical and legal barriers. We aimed to document changes in procedural characteristics and demographic factors over time in South Australia, as well as to examine how key sociodemographic variables affect gestational age at pregnancy termination. Methods: South Australian legislation has required mandatory collection of data related to pregnancy termination since 1970. We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study of all pregnancy terminations in the state from 1970 to 2020. The primary outcome was gestational age at termination of pregnancy. Linear regression was used to examine socioeconomic characteristics that could confer disadvantage in access to pregnancy termination, with postcodes coded according to the 2016 Australian Statistical Geographical Classification–Remote Area system and the Index of Relative Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2018. Findings: Between Jan 1, 1970, and Dec 31, 2020, 225 440 pregnancy terminations were performed at a median of 8 weeks’ gestation (IQR 7–10). Most pregnant individuals (median age 24 years [IQR 20–31]) resided in urban areas (n=166 311 [77·9%]) and received surgical pregnancy termination (n=287 345 [78·4%]). Major complication rates remained low over time; however, major complications occurred more frequently at higher gestational ages. Gestational age at pregnancy termination decreased over time (from 9 weeks [IQR 8–11] in years 1970–75 to 7 weeks [6–9] in years 2016–20) and was strongly correlated with being a teenager (ie, aged <20 years), rurality, and IRSAD score, with individuals at greater levels of socioeconomic disadvantage undergoing pregnancy termination at consistently higher gestational ages. Interpretation: Over time, there have been many changes in the demographics of women and the method used for pregnancy termination. Even in a high-income country with legal and publicly funded access to pregnancy termination, there are significant differences in the gestational age at which pregnancy termination occurs, which vary with socioeconomic disadvantage. Understanding changes in the demographics of those undergoing this procedure and the influence of various indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage is vital for optimal service provision.
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    52,000 years of woolly rhinoceros population dynamics reveal extinction mechanisms
    (National Academy of Sciences, 2024) Fordham, D.A.; Brown, S.C.; Canteri, E.; Austin, J.J.; Lomolino, M.V.; Haythorne, S.; Armstrong, E.; Bocherens, H.; Manica, A.; Rey-Iglesia, A.; Rahbek, C.; Nogués-Bravo, D.; Lorenzen, E.D.
    The extinction of the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) at the onset of the Holocene remains an enigma, with conflicting evidence regarding its cause and spatiotemporal dynamics. This partly reflects challenges in determining demographic responses of late Quaternary megafauna to climatic and anthropogenic causal drivers with available genetic and paleontological techniques. Here, we show that elucidating mechanisms of ancient extinctions can benefit from a detailed understanding of fine-scale metapopulation dynamics, operating over many millennia. Using an abundant fossil record, ancient DNA, and high-resolution simulation models, we untangle the ecological mechanisms and causal drivers that are likely to have been integral in the decline and later extinction of the woolly rhinoceros. Our 52,000-y reconstruction of distribution-wide metapopulation dynamics supports a pathway to extinction that began long before the Holocene, when the combination of cooling temperatures and low but sustained hunting by humans trapped woolly rhinoceroses in suboptimal habitats along the southern edge of their range. Modeling indicates that this ecological trap intensified after the end of the last ice age, preventing colonization of newly formed suitable habitats, weakening stabilizing metapopulation processes, triggering the extinction of the woolly rhinoceros in the early Holocene. Our findings suggest that fragmentation and resultant metapopulation dynamics should be explicitly considered in explanations of late Quaternary megafauna extinctions, sending a clarion call to the fragility of the remaining large-bodied grazers restricted to disjunct fragments of poor-quality habitat due to anthropogenic environmental change.
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    9-Azido Analogues of Three Sialic Acid Forms for Metabolic Remodeling of Cell-Surface Sialoglycans.
    (American Chemical Society, 2019) Cheng, B.; Dong, L.; Zhu, Y.; Huang, R.; Sun, Y.; You, Q.; Song, Q.; Paton, J.C.; Paton, A.W.; Chen, X.
    Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, and KDN are three forms of sialic acids in vertebrates that possess distinct biological functions. Herein, we report the synthesis and metabolic incorporation of the 9-azido analogues of three sialic acid forms in mammalian cells. The incorporated sialic acid analogues enable fluorescent imaging of cell-surface sialoglycans and proteomic profiling of sialoglycoproteins. Furthermore, we apply them to metabolically engineer cell surfaces with sialoglycans terminated with distinct sialic acids or their 9-azido analogues. The remodeled cells expressing specific cell-surface sialoglycoforms show distinct binding affinity toward subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB), a toxin secreted by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli. The 9-azido analogues of sialic acid forms developed in this work provide a versatile tool for metabolic remodeling of cell-surface properties and modulating pathogen−host interactions.
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    96-week retention in treatment with extended-release subcutaneous buprenorphine depot injections among people with opioid dependence: Extended follow-up after a single-arm trial
    (Elsevier BV, 2024) Farrell, M.; Shahbazi, J.; Chambers, M.; Byrne, M.; Gholami, J.; Zahra, E.; Grebely, J.; Lintzeris, N.; Larance, B.; Ali, R.; Nielsen, S.; Dunlop, A.; Dore, G.J.; McDonough, M.; Montebello, M.; Weiss, R.; Rodgers, C.; Cook, J.; Degenhardt, L.; CoLAB study team,
    Background: The most recent formulation of buprenorphine treatment is extended-release depot injections (BUPXR) that are administered subcutaneously by health care professionals. This study aimed to observe treatment outcomes of BUP-XR delivered in standard practice during a 96-week follow-up period in a community setting. Methods: This study is an extension of the CoLAB study, a prospective single-arm, multicentre, open label trial (N=100, 7 sites in Australia) among people with opioid dependence who received monthly injections of BUP-XR to evaluate the retention in treatment. Participants were followed for 96 weeks, comprising 48 weeks of the CoLAB study followed by a 48-week extension. Results: Of 100 participants at baseline, 47 were retained on BUP-XR at 96 weeks. The median time retained on monthly depot was 90 weeks. Heroin use (adjusted OR=0.19, P=0.012) in the month prior to baseline was associated with lower odds of retention on BUP-XR. Older age at first opioid use (adjusted OR= 1.08, P=0.009) and longer duration in OAT at baseline (adjusted OR= 1.12, P=0.001) were associated with increased retention. Prevalence of past four-weeks opioid use was estimated at 4% at 96 weeks of treatment (prevalence 0.04, 95%CI: 0.00-0.11) compared to 15% at baseline. Quality of life and medication treatment satisfaction improved over time for those retained in treatment. Conclusion: This is one of the few studies to describe long term (96 week) retention in treatment with BUP-XR in a community setting. It displayed retention rates with 47% of participants completing 96 weeks of treatment with BUP-XR. Patient reported outcomes suggest improvements in client wellbeing. Funding: Indivior
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    A "Fresh Bridge": South Australia's First Nations Voices
    (Thomson Reuters (Professional), 2024) Olijnyk, A.; Koch, C.; Perrett, M.
    In 2023, South Australia became the first jurisdiction to create a First Nations Voice in response to the Uluru Statement from the Heart. In this comment we (three non-Indigenous scholars) examine this new South Australian institution intended to give First Nations1 people “more of a say in the decisions that affect their lives”2 and provide a “fresh bridge” to a better future.3 Of course, South Australia’s First Nations Voice is far from the first representative body seeking to increase First Nations peoples’ input into political issues that affect them. First Nations people have long advocated for greater political influence in both the sub-national and federal jurisdiction. This history began at the point of colonisation and has continued to the present day.4 When seen as part of this history, the 2023 referendum on a First Nations Voice is neither the beginning nor the end of the story. It is merely a step along the way. Nor is South Australia the first sub-national Australian jurisdiction to establish a representative First Nations Body. Current examples include the ACT’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Elected Body5 and the First Peoples’ Assembly of Victoria.6 The South Australian First Nations Voice is, however, the first representative body established as a direct response to the call for a Voice in the Uluru Statement from the Heart. A two-stage community consultation process was undertaken when designing the First Nations Voice. In both stages the Commissioner for First Nations Voice Dale Agius, a Kaurna, Narungga, Ngadjuri and Ngarrindjeri man, conducted face to face engagement sessions with First Nations people in urban, regional and remote locations across the State. The first round7 assisted with determining the fundamental principles underpinning a First Nations Voice for South Australia. These informed the draft legislation.8 The second round9 was consultation on the draft Bill. In this comment we introduce the structure, membership, and functions of the South Australian Voice before reflecting on the experience of the first elections in March 2024.